Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Job Training and Management Development Assignment

Employment Training and Management Development - Assignment Example The previously mentioned advances are relevant in a medicinal services setting to give new aptitudes required by attendants and other social insurance experts (Guo, 2003). For example, during preparing, and in the need examination, the board educates attendants regarding work execution aptitudes required, create human services goals and survey forthcoming preparing abilities. Common abilities conferred to attendants during preparing remember hands-for exercises, for example, dealing with patients with different requirements. The preparation practice at any stage bears the establishment for future profession greatness. Preferably, it is a procedure of skills’ move, which expects the executives to make abilities move simple (Belaiche, 1999). Subsequently, coaches in a medicinal services setting amplify similitudes between work circumstance and preparing circumstance. Contrastingly, as the name goes, the board improvement is a movement that objectives chiefs. Dessler (2008) characterizes the executives advancement as endeavors to improve future or current administration execution through aptitudes, information or changing administration disposition. The board improvement is an increasingly customized movement and gets ready administrators for extra long haul work jobs (Guo, 2003).In expansion, the executives advancement is a procedure through which chief arrangement for, and in the long run fills senior level openings. This is generally alluded to as progression arranging. The executives improvement is actualized utilizing two techniques, which remember the board for the-work preparing, and the executives off-the-work preparing. In any case, the process’ sole point is to improve future and current administration execution. Correspondingly, the board advancement is of specific significance to the human services setting. Senior social insurance experts are associated with preparing to improve abilities, for example, representative administration. They are entrusted with guaranteeing work fulfillment and quality medical attendant execution, which requires persistence and key way to deal with achieve.â

Saturday, August 22, 2020

A Study On Office Ergonomics Management Essay

A Study On Office Ergonomics Management Essay Office ergonomics serve significant capacities in getting ready for, and reacting to, work environment basic occurrences. Working environment basic episodes are abrupt, startling occasions that frequently are sufficiently huge to overpower typical adapting reactions. They fluctuate in type and seriousness and can influence workers just as the executives. Such occurrences can truly influence the mental, passionate, and physical prosperity of representatives, businesses, and the whole association. Contrary impacts from the uncertain injury of a basic occurrence in the working environment can add to in general brought down degrees of profitability, terrible showing, progressively visit relational clash, expanded truancy, expanded utilization of physical and psychological well-being benefits, expanded specialists pay claims, higher turnover, higher paces of liquor and other substance abuse and misuse, and lower by and large representative fulfillment and spirit. As indicated by Jones (1985:11-12) it is perceived that nobody is resistant to issues. It is very normal that an issue in ones circle of life will influence different circles, that is, it is conceivable that business related issues to effectsly affect a representatives relationship with their partners, companions, chiefs and relatives while on the opposite side of the coin an individual encountering individual issue beginning from home can negatively affect the individual execution at work. As of now, medicinal services, pharmaceuticals, and media and media outlets find more than 25 percent of their workforce occupied with information age, thought age, and development. Proficient information laborers share in the duty of creating the serious edge of large venture. Bryan and Joyce (2005) report a few insights strengthening how experts experience interconnection. They refer to that numerous huge national and worldwide associations may utilize upwards of 10,000 expert information generators inside their partnerships. These individuals may have upwards of 50 million respective connections. From these numbers, one can make out that 21st century laborers don't act in a customary vertical or straight authoritative structure. Along these lines representative ought to be at the focal point of each business action and they ought to be incorporated such that they convey profoundly system of the business. Representative ought to be viewed as an immediate methods for accomplishing the destinations of the organization and they ought to be considered as a fundamental component of strategic policies in view to build execution and brand name of the organization. That why the social need and having a place is critical to introduce in organizations so representatives can get a feeling that they realize they feel perceived in working in the organization. People confronting both individual and business related issues do exist at Air Mauritius Ltd. These issues may have their source with their work structure, relational connections at work or at home, medical issue, psycho-social issues, failure to meet family and public activity desires, poor individual monetary administration, absence of trust and correspondence with the association or experiencing worry because of seeing hierarchical practices as being uncalled for towards our individual. In see that the social element of the undertakings in Mauritius is turning out to be increasingly significant, Air Mauritius Ltd ought to at all cost put its kin at the core of its monetary and social advancement by concentrating on their requirements for help when they face issue that can break both their own and expert life. To react to these requirements Mauritian carrier organization ought to embrace an all encompassing methodology by setting up expansive and express structures for managing worker issues through early recognizable proof and referral, that is, proficient consideration so the representative can be helped to release his/her capability to adapt to work and life occasions that may making hurt his/her own and expert life. Hierarchical Profile Air Mauritius Ltd which is one of the fundamental drivers of the Mauritian economy was consolidated in June 1967 and began activities with a Piper Navajo to ship travelers to Rã ©union Island. Forty three after 44 years, the interesting Mauritian carrier organization has developed with a genuine armada of 12 airplane including 8 wide bodied airplane, 2 restricted bodied airplane and 2 prop turbo airplane and 3 helicopters. The various sorts of airplane are outlined beneath: Sorts of Aircraft Number Airbus A340-300 5 Airbus A340-300E 2 Airbus A319-100 2 ATR 72-500 2 Airbus A330-200 1 Complete 12 Helicopter 3 Table 3.1-Types of Aircraft From a household aircraft transporter, Air Mauritius Ltd has become the main planned universal traveler carrier in the Indian Ocean and furthermore serves 28 goals contacting four (4) landmasses to be specific Africa, Asia, Australia Europe. It has likewise extended its extent of administration which incorporates activity of worldwide and household booked air administrations for the carriage of travelers, cargo and mail and auxiliary administrations, for example, freight. The best piece of the income age originates from the business and relaxation travel with the last being the principle traveler portion which created 86% of the income, 10.4% from load administrations and 4% from different exercises led by its auxiliaries. During the previous four monetary years, the quantity of travelers conveyed via Air Mauritius Ltd has been fluctuating because of decline in movement request because of the world phenomenal budgetary emergency that hit nations where the mass of our travelers are found. Aside from working airplane, engaged with air payload administrations and other avionics auxiliary exercises, Air Mauritius Ltd has likewise broadened in different business exercises through its auxiliaries in particular: Mauritius Estate Development Corporation Ltd (MEDCOR) which is occupied with renting of office and business space Pointe Cotton resort Hotel Co Ltd which possesses Cotton narrows Hotel in Rodrigues Island and furnishes lodging convenience along with all inn administrations Airmate Ltd which is a completely possessed auxiliary of Air Mauritius Ltd fused in 2006 to give call focus and IT empowering administrations Air Mauritius (SA) (Pty) Ltd which goes about as a trip specialist for Air Mauritius in South Africa Authoritative Structure Aside from its Board of Directors and the Chief Executive Office, Air Mauritius is comprised of the accompanying bunches: Flight Operations Lodge Operations Grounds Operations Specialized Services HR Organizational Development Inside Audit Account Information Systems Vital Planning Correspondence Corporate Affairs Commercial Acquirement Load Labor sythesis Air Mauritius has an all out workforce of 2199 representatives who work in Mauritius and it contains: Male 1406 Female 793 All out 2199 Table 3.3No of representatives HR Issues One of the orders of the organization is to oversee and build up its HR so as it can accomplished its corporate goals. Air Mauritius Ltd through its statement of purpose and qualities, it shows that they esteem their representatives as one of its missions is to be a compensating execution driven organistaion and an incredible work environment and guarantee to show proficient and caring disposition and talk and act decidedly with our esteemed clients which incorporate additionally the workers. Air Mauritius like different business endeavors isn't invulnerable of human asset gives that sway on corporate and money related execution. The most widely recognized highlights are work turnover, end of business, disorder non-attendance, wounds at work, clinical expenses and so on and a survey of the information of related with these issues uncover the accompanying: For the vast majority, work is a place of refuge. In any case, prominent episodes/mishaps at work environment and security and wellbeing laws are convincing managers to create preventive projects to alleviate these issues, bringing about the making of a promising new specialty for wellbeing and wellbeing experts. Improved individual control and solace needs of representatives set off the worry among associations to give them a situation and office plan, which satisfy the workers needs and assists with improving their efficiency. A great many people burn through 50% of their lives inside indoor conditions, which essentially impact their psychological status, activities, capacities and execution. (Amina Hameed 2009 embraced from (Sundstrom 1994)). Better physical condition of office will help the workers and at last improve their profitability. Different writing relate to the investigation of numerous workplaces and places of business demonstrated that the variables, for example, disappointment, jumbled working environments and the physical condition are assuming a significant job in the loss of representatives efficiency (Amina Hameed 2009 received from Carnevale 1992, Clements-Croome 1997). As per Betty G. Dillard (February 1997) the control of ergonomics developed in United Kingdom in the late 1940s and was first authoritatively perceived in the USA in 1957 through the Human Factors Society. During the 1960s and 1970s ergonomics turned into a natural report to the field of modern building, and by the late 1970s ergonomics was perceived as a multidisciplinary field at the University of Michigan School of Engineering. Ergonomics is a significant factor in accomplishing and keeping up elevated levels of laborer profitability. Jeffrey E. Fernandez (April 1995) characterized ergonomics as the structure of the working environment, gear, machine, apparatus, item, condition, and framework, while considering the people physical, physiological, biomechanical, and mental capacities, and streamlining the adequacy and profitability of work frameworks while guaranteeing the security, wellbeing, and prosperity of the laborers. Ergonomics is an order worried about all parts of structuring for individuals. The point in ergonomics is to fit the

Sunday, August 16, 2020

An Open Letter to People Who Dont Think They Need to Read Diversely

An Open Letter to People Who Don’t Think They Need to Read Diversely I love old, dead white men. There. I said it. F. Scott Fitzgerald is my boy. Tolstoy, Dickens, Steinbeck, Orwell, and Nabokovâ€"Give me all the books. I even have a Vonnegut quote tattooed on my wrist. But because of that love, for the longest time, I experienced a very narrow sliver of what literature has to offer. The worst thing about that was that I didn’t know it. Sure, I read some diverse fiction when I was in high school. I read Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, The Sound of Waves by Yukio Mishima, Anowa by Ama Ata Aidoo, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass, and The Lion and the Jewel by Wole Soyinka. These aren’t the only diverse books that my classes read, because I know my teachers explicitly made an effort to introduce us suburban kids to diverse authors. But the thing that didn’t sink in then was why reading diversely is important. That wasn’t a lesson I learned until college when I took a class on literary theory. That class, especially the words of my peers who all came from different backgrounds, taught me to see a literary work through another’s eyes. So when I graduated and started a job at my old high school, my old English teacher was tickled to hear me say, “I have a problem with this curriculum. Just too many old, dead white guys.” That doesn’t mean I was putting my money where my mouth was though. Scrolling back through my “read” shelf on Goodreads, I see my reading looking a lot like this: dead white dude, dead white dude, dead white dude, living white dude, living white woman, dead white dude, hispanic woman whose book was assigned…. Seriously, yikes. You might be thinking, well, who cares? Read what you want to read. But there are so many problems with the idea that what I wanted to read could only be written by dead white guys. That statement itself hides the toxic assumption that authors of color couldn’t possibly write something that is relatable to a white reader. Like, what? A good story written well is relatable. Period. If you can’t relate to it, it might not be a good story. I don’t know about you, but I have read plenty of stories I just couldn’t connect with. Many of those stories were written byâ€"you guessed itâ€"old dead white guys. Relating to and empathizing with a character is the entire point of fiction! This has everything to do with how skilled the writing is and nothing to do with the race, gender, sexuality, or class of the writer. A good story is a good story. The end. Still, many people see reading diversely as just an excuse to pat yourself on the back. That is so false. In Book Riot’s “Reading Diversely FAQ” series, Amanda Nelson really brings home that point in part four of the series: “As far as “just” filling a quota: that assumes that people of color don’t write books you would’ve been interested in naturally, and that reading books by authors who aren’t white is “just” to be done to satisfy some external goal. By diversifying your reading, you’re actively doing something to combat structural racism (especially if you’re in the U.S.), and you’re setting yourself up for a richer, more interesting reading life.” One of the most important reasons why I try to read diversely is because I wholly believe in the power of story. Story is transformative. It allows you to, for at least a little while, become someone else. When a story is written well, you can experience another time and place so profoundly that it changes you. We should want to know what it is like to experience the lives of people different from us. And when we do, what might strike us the most is seeing that on the inside, we’re not all that different. Like Amanda said, that makes for “a richer, more interesting reading life.” That’s true. But it also makes for a kinder life, because people who can step outside their safe readerly bubbles will find there a capacity to care for their fellow human beings like they never thought they could before. Now, I can’t say that I’m perfect or that 50% of all the books I read are by authors of color, but I am more conscious of what I read now. One of the biggest things that helped me with that was Litsy. For a while, every month, I would post my reading stats. The first time I did it, I was shocked. I read 15 books that month, but only three of them were written by authors of color. That didn’t seem like enough, because I truly wanted to experience the lives of people who aren’t exactly like me. (I mean, I’m already living that life. I know what happens in it.) So I upped my game, and Book Riot’s diverse reading recs honestly helped a lot. Diverse Recs So if you too want to empathize with your fellow humans on this wild globe of ours, here are some book recommendations to get you there: 8 Great Diverse Book Club Picks for Summer Reading Genre-defying Translated Fiction That Deserves More Attention 4 Personal Essay Collections by Women of Color to Put on Your TBR Your 25 Favorite Authors of Color 100 Must-Read Sci-fi Fantasy Novels by Female Authors 100 Must-read Classics by People of Color What are some of your favorite diverse reads? One of my favorite books is The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven by Sherman Alexie. Leave your own in a comment!

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Sexism and Disney - 2712 Words

For decades now, Disney Corporation has been providing us with countless films made to delight and amuse children and adults alike. But not all Disney films seem particularly appropriate for their target audience. Many of these films portray violence, gender inequality, and skewed views of leadership roles that seem altogether inappropriate for impressionable young children. Better and more contemporary heroines need to be added to Disney’s wall of princesses in order to counteract years of sexism. Admittedly, many of Disney’s original works are not being viewed by their intended audience. Author of Patricia Digà ³n Regueiro s states, â€Å"it may be of interest to know that in his early cartoons created by Walt Disney were not directed at†¦show more content†¦Once again Snow White is saved not by her actions or words, but by her looks alone. While violence is shown to a far lesser extent in this film compared to others, it is still prevalent. When the Queen orders the huntsman to kill Snow White, she does not ask for a simple death. She orders the man to hack out the young girl s heart and bring it to her (in the original story, she does this so she can eat it. Thankfully, they do not mention that in the movie). Despite being the protagonist, Snow White is never given a chance to lead her own life. From the very beginning of the film, she is always owned by someone else. First her stepmother controls her life, then the huntsman orders her to leave, then it is the dwarfs (sic) who control and care for her well-being, and then it is the prince. Never once does she resist or attempt to go out on her own. By the end of the film, she does not even protest a near stranger kissing her as she sleeps. In fact, she figures that s reason enough to run away with him! Beauty and the Beast is another film with questionable morals. Despite a sixty year time span between the two films, gender relations changed very little. Though the main characters c ome off as slightly more rounded, there are still some eerie instances that should be addressed. Belle is (yet again) a stunning young woman who is revered throughout for herShow MoreRelatedSexism In Disney Princess Movies709 Words   |  3 Pages Disney princess movies has been a very impactful on society and pop culture, and the franchise has been proven to be very lucrative. The main target audience for these movies are little impressionable girls. Every movie from 1937, Snow White, to 2017, Moana, has garnered a lot of attention from children everywhere, especially young females, and leaves a lasting imprint on each and every one. There have been many critics saying that the franchise leaves negative impressions on little girlsRead MoreMulan Sexism Analysis1393 Words   |  6 PagesMulan Is Sexist Disney movies feature female characters in a variety of roles, from a damsel in distress needing a man’s help to a woman who becomes her own hero. Mulan is one Disney character who has a seemingly feminist role. The movie features an unordinary girl who is meant to bring honor to her family by being the perfect woman for a man to marry. However, that’s not who she truly is. When her father gets summoned to serve in the military, Mulan poses as a man and takes his place. She trainsRead MoreMovie : Beauty And The Beast1324 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I was a young girl my favorite disney movie was Beauty and the Beast. I must have been around five years old when I saw it for the first time and I was infatuated with what I thought the story line was. I five year old self understood the movie plot being about a smart, beautiful young woman rejecting the boy who wanted her only to then fall in love with a prince who would be her one true love. My parents, brother, and I woul d all sit down to watch this movie time and time again and when I wasRead MoreDisney Films: The Little Mermaid1588 Words   |  7 PagesMermaid is most likely the Disney animated movie starring the beautiful red haired mermaid, Ariel. However, as with most Disney films, The Little Mermaid is an adaption of an original story written by Hans Christian Andersen in the 1830s. The creation of this classic fairytale into an animated feature required alterations from the Disney corporation, leading to a final product that is reminiscent of Andersen’s original story with added layers of American culture, sexism, and musical numbers. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney Company And Its Impact On The World Of The Pockets Of Our Jeans And Hoodies1686 Words   |  7 Pagestop contributors of media is The Walt Disney Company and its affiliated companies such as ABC, Pixar, Touchstone Pictures, Lucasfilm, and Marvel Entertainment, and from a young age many children grow up on the films, ch aracters, books, and television series that are produced by the Walt Disney Company. In the long history of media produced by The Walt Disney Company, beginning with its early groundbreaking animated shorts all the way to the recent Moana, Disney has been the subject of much debateRead MoreSexism In Snow White1217 Words   |  5 Pagesthem all.† Snow White was the very first animated film by Disney that is about a young princess. The Evil Queen is jealous and wants to have her killed. Snow White runs into the Seven Dwarfs and stays with them. Disney movies have a lot of controversy and one of them is sexism. Disney movies are good for kids and have role models, but people still say there are negative characteristics that come with the movies. Snow White is full of sexism and it is shown in many different ways. Snow White is constantlyRead MoreIn This Study, A Total Of 109 Participants Varying In Age1409 Words   |  6 Pageswere presented to subjects were randomized, as well as the questions within each block. The blocks in this study are Need for Cognition Short Form, Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), Ten Item Personality Measure (TIPI), Bem Sex Role Inventory, Romantic Beliefs Scale, Four-Factor Culture Scale, Gender Role Belief Scale Short Form and the Disney princess. One attribute that we measured in this study was the participant’s tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitions endeavors using the Need forRead MoreNot Much Change With Kid Movies1234 Words   |  5 PagesMuch Change with Kid Movies I grew up watching all the Disney, Pixar, and DreamWorks animated films from Cinderella, The Little Mermaid, Toy Story, Monsters Inc., and Shrek. In high school, a peer of mine named Paul Ray asked me, â€Å"Who is your favorite princess?† My response was Mulan and was not shocked, instead he gave me this sarcastic laugh and â€Å"I knew it and it’s so obvious that you are a feminist.† Of course, I loved watching all the Disney princesses and I still do watch them to this day. I cannotRead MoreGender, Race and Disney Princesses Essay examples1041 Words   |  5 PagesDisney princesses are fun for all ages, but their target audience is young children and â€Å"as children grow and develop, they can be easily influenced by what they see and hear†. Therefore, what they see and hear in Disney movies leaves an impression on them. The first princess, Snow White, was created in a time where each gender and race had a specific role in society. Recently, many beli eve that Disney has come a long way in regards to gender and race since Snow White, as several multi-cultural protagonistsRead MoreControversies with the Walt Dinsey Company1471 Words   |  6 Pagesis, their mind most likely automatically thinks of one word- Disney. Once they think of that there is an array of movies to choose from. The Walt Disney Company has been making its place in this world for almost one hundred years. Over the decades Disney has become a household name whether it be through their blockbuster movies, television channel, books, products, resorts, cruise line or their world famous theme parks. The Walt Disney Company has spread its ideas and products of imagination throughout

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Introduction to Bipedal Locomotion

Bipedal locomotion refers to walking on two legs in an upright position, and the only animal to do that all the time is the modern human. Our ancestor primates lived in trees and rarely set foot on the ground; our ancestor hominins moved out of those trees and lived primarily in the savannas. Walking upright all the time is thought to have been an evolutionary step forward if you will, and one of the hallmarks of being human. Scholars have often argued that walking erect is an enormous advantage. Walking erect improves communication, allows visual access to farther distances, and changes throwing behaviors. By walking upright, a hominins hands are freed to do all sorts of things, from holding babies to making stone tools to throwing weapons. American neuroscientist Robert Provine has argued that sustained voiced laughter, a trait which greatly facilitates social interactions, is only possible in bipeds because the respiration system is freed to do that in an upright position. Evidence for Bipedal Locomotion There are four main ways scholars have used to figure out whether a particular ancient hominin is primarily living in the trees or walking upright: ancient skeletal foot construction, other bone configurations above the foot, footprints of those hominins, and dietary evidence from stable isotopes. The best of these, of course, is foot construction: unfortunately, ancient ancestral bones are difficult to find under any circumstances, and foot bones are very rare indeed. Foot structures associated with bipedal locomotion include a plantar rigidity—flat foot—which means the sole stays flat from step to step. Secondly, hominins that walk on the earth generally have shorter toes than hominins who live in trees. Much of this was learned from the discovery of a nearly complete Ardipithecus ramidus, an ancestor of ours who apparently walked upright sometimes, some 4.4 million years ago. Skeletal constructions above the feet are slightly more common, and scholars have looked at the configurations of the spine, the tilt, and structure of the pelvis, and the way the femur fits into the pelvis to make assumptions about a hominins ability to walk upright. Footprints and Diet Footprints are also rare, but when they are found in a sequence, they hold evidence that reflects the gait, length of stride, and weight transfer during walking. Footprint sites include Laetoli in Tanzania (3.5-3.8 million years ago, probably Australopithecus afarensis; Ileret (1.5 million years ago) and GaJi10 in Kenya, both likely Homo erectus; the Devils Footprints in Italy, H. heidelbergensis about 345,000 years ago; and Langebaan Lagoon in South Africa, early modern humans, 117,000 years ago. Finally, a case has been made that diet infers environment: if a particular hominin ate a lot of grasses rather than fruit from trees, it is likely the hominin lived primarily in grassed savannas. That can be determined through stable isotope analysis. Earliest Bipedalism So far, the earliest known bipedal locomotor was Ardipithecus ramidus, who sometimes—but not always—walked on two legs 4.4 million years ago. Fulltime bipedalism is currently thought to have been achieved by Australopithecus, the type fossil of which is the famous Lucy, approximately 3.5 million years ago. Biologists have argued that foot and ankle bones changed when our primate ancestors came down from the trees, and that after that evolutionary step, we lost the facility to regularly climb trees without the aid of tools or support systems. However, a 2012 study by human evolutionary biologist Vivek Venkataraman and colleagues points out that there are some modern humans who do regularly and quite successfully climb tall trees, in pursuit of honey, fruit, and game. Climbing Trees and Bipedal Locomotion Venkataraman and his colleagues investigated behaviors and anatomical leg structures of two modern-day groups in Uganda: the Twa hunter-gatherers and Bakiga agriculturalists, who have coexisted in Uganda for several centuries. The scholars filmed the Twa climbing trees and used movie stills to capture and measure how much their feet flexed while tree-climbing. They found that although the bony structure of the feet is identical in both groups, there is a difference in the flexibility and length of soft tissue fibers in the feet of people who could climb trees with ease compared with those who cannot. The flexibility that allows people to climb trees only involves soft tissue, not the bones themselves. Venkataraman and colleagues caution that the foot and ankle construction of Australopithecus, for example, does not rule out tree-climbing, even though it does allow upright bipedal locomotion.   Sources Been, Ella, et al. Morphology and Function of the Lumbar Spine of the Kebara 2 Neandertal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 142.4 (2010): 549-57. Print. Crompton, Robin H., et al. Human-Like External Function of the Foot, and Fully Upright Gait, Confirmed in the 3.66 Million Year Old Laetoli Hominin Footprints by Topographic Statistics, Experimental Footprint-Formation and Computer Simulation. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9.69 (2012): 707-19. Print. DeSilva, Jeremy M., and Zachary J. Throckmorton. Lucys Flat Feet: The Relationship between the Ankle and Rearfoot Arching in Early Hominins. PLoS ONE 5.12 (2011): e14432. Print. Haeusler, Martin, Regula Schiess, and Thomas Boeni. New Vertebral and Rib Material Point to Modern Bauplan of the Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton. Journal of Human Evolution 61.5 (2011): 575-82. Print. Harcourt-Smith, William E. H. Origin of Bipedal Locomotion. Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Eds. Henke, Winfried, and Ian Tattersall. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. 1919-59. Print. Huseynov, Alik, et al. Developmental Evidence for Obstetric Adaptation of the Human Female Pelvis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.19 (2016): 5227-32. Print. Lipfert, Susanne W., et al. A Model-Experiment Comparison of System Dynamics for Human Walking and Running. Journal of Theoretical Biology 292.Supplement C (2012): 11-17. Print. Mitteroecker, Philipp, and Barbara Fischer. Adult Pelvic Shape Change Is an Evolutionary Side Effect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.26 (2016): E3596-E96. Print. Provine, Robert R. Laughter as an Approach to Vocal Evolution: The Bipedal Theory. Psychonomic Bulletin Review 24.1 (2017): 238-44. Print. Raichlen, David A., et al. Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct Evidence of Human-Like Bipedal Biomechanics. PLoS ONE 5.3 (2010): e9769. Print. Venkataraman, Vivek V., Thomas S. Kraft, and Nathaniel J. Dominy. Tree Climbing and Human Evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2012). Print. Ward, Carol V., William H. Kimbel, and Donald C. Johanson. Complete Fourth Metatarsal Andarches in the Foot of Australopithecus Afarensis. Science 331 (2011): 750-53. Print. Winder, Isabelle C., et al. Complex Topography and Human Evolution: The Missing Link. Antiquity 87 (2013): 333-49. Print.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Turnover Rate in Corrections Free Essays

The Nation Wide Dilemma in Corrections CJ 2500: CORRECTIONS Professor November 04, 2012 Running Head: Turnover Rate in Corrections Abstract Throughout the years, there has been one major dilemma that continues to hassle the administration whose sole purpose is to provide institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders. This dilemma is the high turnover rate of the Corrections Officers, whom agencies nation wide are losing at an extremely high rate. Recent statistics indicate that nearly half of all Corrections Academy graduates will have left their agency within a two-year period (â€Å"State questions high, â€Å"2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Turnover Rate in Corrections or any similar topic only for you Order Now This high turnover rate is causing a staff shortage, which is forcing agencies to put new officers on the job immediately while being untrained. Though the amount of Corrections Officers departing from their agencies continues to rise, the amount of inmates entering prisons remains the same. This of course can become a serious safety issue for the departments employing these new hires that are inadequately trained. Throughout this paper I will explore the numerous possibilities of what’s causing Corrections Officers to depart from their agencies at such a high rate. Whether it’s the demanding hours associated with shift work, the high stress and burnout, or the inadequate pay and benefits, all possibilities will be discussed in an attempt to understand why the retention rate of Corrections Officers is lower compared to various other careers across the nation. The Department of Corrections (DOC), privately owned jails, parish jails, and local city jails not only face the hardship of maintaining inmate property, specific calorie counts from meals provided, medicine dispensing, doctor visits, and numerous other tasks required that Corrections Officers tend to on a typical day of work, but these facilities also face the hardship of retaining these Officers for extended lengths of employment. As stated in the Abstract of this paper, â€Å"Recent statistics indicate that nearly half of all Corrections Academy graduates will have left their agency within a two-year period† (â€Å"State questions high, â€Å"2004). This has become a major problem for agencies that have a continuous increase in the number of inmates entering these facilities each year, while becoming almost impossible to keep enough manpower to operate shifts in a safe and secure manner. It is stated that in 1999, the turnover rate of Officers and Corporals within an agency was 29. 6 percent, while the average tenure of Officers was 3 years (â€Å"Department of corrections,†). The turnover rates in 2000 ranged from a low of 3. percent in New York, to a high of 41 percent in Louisiana (Lommel, 2004). Typically, once an Officer has been hired and accepted the job, they are to be trained in some type of Corrections Academy. The department hiring the Officer may host this Academy, or the Officer may have to travel to receive their training. Either way, prior to an Officer actually beginning their job monitoring the walkways of a prison or jail, the Officer should first be well trained to ensure theirs, the inmates, and other Officers safety. However, due to the high number of vacancies within Corrections, Officers are being hired without any experience, while hoping to receive this training academy shortly after becoming employed. Some agencies have established a policy that once the Officer has completed their training at an Academy, they are to sign a contract stating that they will remain with the department for a set amount of years. This is due to the high costs that an agency incurs by having these Officers sent to an accredited Academy to receive their training. The dollar amount that an agency may spend on an Officers training may range anywhere between a few hundred dollars, to a few thousand dollars. To elaborate on the amount of vacancies within Corrections, this could very well be a contributing factor to the increased amount of Officers who resign due to stress and burnout. Officers are being ordered in on their off days or holidays, forced to work mandatory overtime, a higher inmate to Correctional Officer ratio, as well as experienced Officers having to work with an extensive amount of â€Å"rookie† or inexperienced Correctional Officers. This combining of experienced officers with new hires, who have not received any type of prior training, raises the stress level during dangerous interactions with inmates, as well lowering the morale of the Officers who remain and attempt to complete their careers with a specific agency. This may be due to long term employees realizing that many of the new hires are using their time as a Correctional Officer to gain experience, or as a stepping-stone to eventually become a road or patrol Officer, which may involve more experienced Officers not spending the time necessary to assist, or provide â€Å"On the job training† to the new hires. Additional causes of stress may include the threat of inmate violence, actual inmate violence, inmate demands and manipulations, problems with co-workers, as well as having a poor public image. For example, â€Å"Between 1990 and 1995, the number of attacks on correctional officers in State and Federal prisons jumped by nearly one third, from 10,731 to 14,165 (Lommel, 2004). An additional stress added to a Correctional Officers life is being able to balance and separate work from their personal relationships. Workdays at a correctional facility often involve long hours of uneventful and routine procedures. This â€Å"routine† may quickly be disrupted by a brief period of crisis. Some Officers have issues with being able to return to a calm state once a crisis occurs, often times bringing their problems home to their families. This may lead Officers to substance abuse, or alcoholism. Law Enforcement careers can be an extremely difficult, stressful, yet rewarding career, even when referring to Corrections Officers. However, due to the long work hours associated with shift work, combined with the stressful and strenuous workdays officers are exposed to, it seems as if all Law Enforcement, to include Corrections officers do not receive the pay and benefits that they are entitled to. A large number of Corrections Officers are leaving this career field due to struggling with raising families while trying to balance and survive on the annual salary of a Corrections Officer. It seems as if economically speaking, the value of everyday necessities ontinues to rise in value, except for the officers’ paychecks. This dilemma, combined with the additional stress an Officer encounters on the job, could possibly explain why many Officers leave their jobs due to stress and burnout. The benefits that an Officer, or Corrections Officer receives is usually the highlight of their employment contract. Officers usually do receive good insurance and retirement plans. Not just for them, but for their families as well. However, the type of insurance that an Officer receives depends on the plan that the agency has purchased. Some agencies will have top of the line benefits, while others may have insurance carriers with extremely high deductibles and rates, due to tight budget restraints and cutbacks within the department. In addition to the stress, burnout, long hours, and low pay, many officers are never set on retiring within corrections. As previously stated, numerous officers, such as myself, use corrections as a stepping-stone, or training prior to being hired for a patrol position. Numerous agencies such as Sheriff’s Offices of various Parishes within the state, require that an individual hired first serve one to two years within the parish jail prior to being sent to a Police Academy and ultimately landing a position on patrol. Many agencies have come to realize this, which is why they may not spend the time, effort, and funds to train the individual to become a more efficient Corrections Officer. By reflecting on the issues presented in this paper, it is determined that turnover rate in Corrections Officers will likely continue to be a rising problem for agencies. Administrators seeking seminars on retention strategies, which may depend on additional funding, can combat some of these issues. Agencies can improve their policies, improve management, increase criteria of the screening process, as well as address the wage and benefit issue. However, no matter what an agency decides in attempting to retain there officers, there will always be the Officers that slip through the cracks and ultimately cost the department more funding in training the individual, only to have them leave the agency before reaching their desired and previously stated commitment. WORKS CITED Department of corrections background and statistics. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://legisweb. state. wy. us/progeval/reports/2000/turnovr/Chapter4. htm High turnover of corrections staff, excessive priosoner head counts attract media attention. (2006, Sep 06). Retrieved from http://www. bcgeu. ca/node/1314 Lommel, J. (2004, August). Turning around turnover. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu:2048/docview/215699356 State questions high turnover among prison officers. (2004, 04 05). Retrieved from http://www. corrections. com/articles/1862 How to cite Turnover Rate in Corrections, Essay examples

Monday, May 4, 2020

Essay on Counseling and Advocacy in Diverse Poupulation Essay Example For Students

Essay on Counseling and Advocacy in Diverse Poupulation Essay Counseling and Advocacy in Diverse Population Unit 7 Culturally Relevant Strategies The primary goal of an elementary school counselor is to establish a rapport with the students and lay the foundation for youth to grow and fill the positions of next generation citizens, parents and business leaders. Another role of a counselor is to help students strengthen skills such as adapting to various environments and how to develop behaviors that will work in their day-to-day school setting. Upon obtaining a Masters Degree in School Counseling my aspiration is to counsel students in grades K-12. Working as a school counselor will allow me to work with Hispanic students and their families. As I transition into the school counseling position, I will need to learn about the Hispanic culture in order to effectively help the students in the school. Being able to work in an environment with multicultural students and families is essential and a qualification that a counselor should possess. Cultural Immersion As an effort to promote multiculturalism and get acquainted with families from other cultures, our school district hosted Hispanic Heritage Night. This event was created specifically for our Hispanic families. During this event, the families, students, faculty, and staff members came together and shared various cultural experiences. Hispanic Heritage Night is held annually and is hosted at a different elementary school cite each year. The primary goal of this event is to help break down barriers for Hispanic families living in the community. Preparing for the event brought about several emotions and feelings. Being able to host an event where families are invited to come out and talk about their culture can be challe. .., Baezconde-Garbanati, L. February 2011. Acculturation, Gender Depression, and Cigarette Smoking Among U.S. Hispanic Youth: The Mediating Role of Perceived Discrimination. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com. library.capella.edu/education/docview/897013979/FEABEA3BBF02418CPQ/22?accountid=27965. Marin, G., Marin, B. (1991). Research with Hispanic Populations . Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Pabon, Edward. Winter 1998. Hispanic Adolescent delinquency and the family: A Discussion of Sociocultural Influences. Retrieved from http://search. proquest.com.library.capella.edu/education/docview/195938073/FE ABEA3BBF02418CPQ/44?accountid=27965. Sue, D. W., Sue, D. (2013). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Saturday, March 7, 2020

What is a Revolution essays

What is a Revolution essays If one were to look up the definition of the word revolution in a dictionary, they would simply find that it is simply a change, or overthrow of a government/situation. However, even though the concept of a revolution may sound easy, it requires a long process. The idea of revolution is thinkable by almost any person of almost any understanding age. Contrary to this, the actual planning and going about a revolution is usually done by highly educated individual(s) or people who have sufficient knowledge on the topic. Another factor that is required in starting a revolution is a valid reason, with proof or cause. For example, a person can not start a revolution just by stating that he/she doesnt like someone without a justified valid reason. Contrary to that, they can start a revolution if they hated someone for ruling them unfairly or not complying with certain rules that are set forth. Usually when a revolution is started, there are the causes (conflict or need for change), the pros, and the cons. A revolution is started when the people who are revolting or seeking a momentous change, are dissatisfied in one aspect or another. The people who help start the revolution are the most prominent educated men or women. They help set the foundation of their revolution, and help develop an argument to support their need to revolt or change. An example of this would be how the foundation of the French Revolution was laid. First of all, the founders of the revolution derived their ideas from the American Revolution and used it as one of the causes of their revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of the Estate-General, and the Great Fear. In this revolution, the French society was divided amongst itself, and that was one of the factors that made this resolution very hard to resolve. Another main aspect of ma...

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

Has the Era of US Hegemony ended Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Has the Era of US Hegemony ended - Essay Example That is, hegemony will be visible when countries through their strong attributes particularly armed power, economic power, political power and even ‘soft’ powers, elevate themselves into top positions, and then try to assert their dominance over others through force or persuasion. From the mid part of the 20th century, United States America is one such country which ‘tried’ to or even evolved into a hegemonic country, due to the optimum development of its economic, military and even soft power statuses. In the late 19th – early 20th century, U. S. made sizable attempts to expand its political influence over other territories through their imperialistic initiatives and importantly through their involvement in both the World Wars. With the two World Wars elevating U. S. position in the international area, and with its economy, its science and technology capabilities and even mass media optimizing, it kind of gave the platform for U. S. to elevate its po sition further and become a hegemonic power. US’s plans to play a prominent international role got actualized in the second half of the 20th century as well, because of its confrontation with Soviet Union through Cold War, its involvement in the Middle-East and other territories. U. S’s hard-power as well as soft-power capabilities have improved so much now that no other country in the world have the capability as well as the will to dethrone it from its position of solo superpower, as U. S. hegemony is stronger, aggressive and at the same time democratic and benevolent.1 However, the other view is, due to certain misadventures, U. S. days as the solo superpower could be numbered.2 This paper will focus on this hegemonic status of U. S., by analyzing whether U.S. hegemony is going to continue or end, and by concluding how it is going to continue and not going to end soon. U.S. Hegemonic beginnings Although many European countries including Britain, Spain, France, etc., exhibited their imperialistic policies to become a hegemonic power in the early centuries, U. S. played a subdued role then. With U. S. ‘forming’ into country quite lately and due to its domestic issues, it did not initiate any major imperialistic steps. However, in the late part of 19th century due to its indirect confrontations with Spain in foreign territories, it started moving in that direction. That is, the Spanish–American War took place when U. S. involved itself in the Cuban War of Independence, and also due to its attacks on the Spanish territories in the Pacific area, particularly on Philippines.3 U. S. started initiating imperialistic actions, when it found that its interests are being undermined by other powers and also when it found that there are no strong opposition from the indigenous people because of in-fighting between themselves. This perspective was validated by Derbyshire (2003), who stated, â€Å"In places where America's interests are a t stake, however (and in conflict with those of other nations)-and where national feeling is divided, or artificial, or non-existent, so that patriotic native elites cannot easily take control of the situation-we need to act in our own interests†4 The key intention of U. S. to indulge in imperialism and thereby become a hegemonic power in the long run is to develop economically. When countries normally enter territories rich in natural resources, after capturing the power of governance, they will mainly go for these resources, and U.

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Qualtity Health Care Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Qualtity Health Care Administration - Essay Example stent with the principles of the 21st Century health system throughout the continuum of the undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education for medical, nursing, and other professional training programs† (McLaughlin & Kaluzny, 2005). Also, the implications of the changes should be reviewed for â€Å"provider credentialing programs, funding, and sponsorship of education programs for health professionals† (Institute of Medicine, 2001). The strategies in current health education reform came up when attention was brought into the fact that health professions education was ill-equipped in the academic and continuing education settings to handle the incoming changes in the patient population. These are changes in diversity, age, increase in chronic illnesses, and improved access to health information (McLaughlin & Kaluzny, 2005). Another problem that was also seen was the fact that, although various health professionals are expected to work as a team, many of them are have not been trained to work as a team. They often have trouble communicating and coordinating with other members of the health care team, and this causes certain problems in the delivery of quality health care services. It was also brought into the attention of the Institute of Medicine that the evidence base for health care practice was increasing; however, there also appeared inconsistencies in evaluating evidence and consequently applying it to the health care practice. Another problem uncovered was also the fact that there was an inconsistency in what is actually known about the â€Å"quality and safety of care and the coursework that is available to health professional students about how to assess quality and safety-of-care information and test solutions† (McLaughlin & Kaluzny, 2005). Finally, inadequate training in informatics was also established through the IOM report. The above problems unearthed by the Institute of Medicine represented problems in health professions education that

Monday, January 27, 2020

Tourism and terrorism in egypt

Tourism and terrorism in egypt Introduction The tremendous historical sites and sights and rich cultural heritage has made Egypt a unique tourism destination. The prominence of tourism industry has had such undeniable impact on the overall Egyptian economy that it has been regarded by many observers as the life blood of Egyptian economy. The crucial significant of tourism industry have not been overlooked by Egyptian political dissents. Although unsuccessful, they at time attempted to make their political demands by carrying out terrorism attacks on this vulnerable industry. This chapter attempted to offer some general insights on tourism industry and terrorism accidents in the contemporary Egypt. The chapter begins with a cursory review of the Egyptian context proceeding with discussion on the fluctuation of the tourism industry in Egypt in the past three decades. The analysis is largely based upon the official data taken from Egypt Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) and the annual analysis of the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). On occasions, the complementary aggregated data has been adapted from other resources like Business Source Premier and Regional Surveys of the World, the Middle East and North America (2008). The analysis is spilt into three periods, comparing the international tourists arrivals and receipts. Finally the results are represented in a graph tracing the trends in past three decades. The next section deals with the main tourism stakeholders playing role in the tourism in the Egypt. The final section di scusses the emergence, evolution and challenges of terrorism groups in Egypt and their engagement in terrorist attacks targeted tourism destinations. In this section counter-terrorism strategies oscillating between carrot and stick policies will be reviewed and discussed the degree to which each has been successful. Egypt at a glance The Arab Republic of Egypt located in the northeastern of the African continent and the Sinai Peninsula. It has land borders with Sudan in the south and with Libya in the west and shoreline extending along the Mediterranean Sea in the north and Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba in the East. Since the most of the country is desert, the population is distributed very unevenly in Cairo and Alexandria and around the Nile and Suez Canal. These areas are among the worlds most densely populated regions. (Countries of the World and Their Leaders Yearbook, 2008) Egypts geographic arrangement and distribution of population, and especially the sole reliance on the Nile River for irrigation has been resulted in central administration and allowed the government to extend well its authority to the peripheries. (Goldschmidt, Arthur, 1988) In 2008, the total population of Egypt was 81,713,520 which make the Egypt one of the most populous countries in the region. A large proportion this population is young; half of them are under twenty years of age and two-thirds are under thirty a situation that severely strains the economy. (CAPMAS, 2008) Egypts government is hardly able to meet the demands for food, shelter, education, and jobs. Around three million Egyptians have migrated to other Arab countries, particularly the oil-rich states, in search of work. Their payments to their families constitute a major source of Egypts income. Much like elsewhere in the world economy have come to play a crucial role in Egyptian lives. The long history of colonial exploitation and the legacy of enduring authoritarian rulers forestalled the industrial development of Egypt in nineteen century. At the turn of twentieth century, the industrialization began to take root by a rapid growth in textile industry. The growth was comparatively satisfactory before socialist government of Abdel Nasser (1956-1970) took the power. Abdel Nasser eighteen years era is characterized by militarization of politics and concentration of power through the supremacy of the executive branch. Under Nasser the state took the control of the economy to ensure equitable development, a policy known later as Arab Socialism. Nasser was a charismatic leader and earned reputation as champion of Arab interest, however, his economic policies brought the country on the verge of bankruptcy. Nassers death in 1970 ushered in a massive political and economic change i n Egypt. By initiating the economic policy of Enfetah (openness), which means liberalization of economic, Sadat his successor began a series of fundamental reforms in the economy. In addition, Sadats regional foreign policy including peace initiative and rapprochement with Israel enhanced the international image of the Egypt. Under President Hosni Mubarak (1981 until now) Egypt paved the same routes and strove for the same goals, however, there was along way to go as the country still was grappling with chronic problems emanated from inside and abroad. (Countries of the World and Their Leaders Yearbook, 2008) Flow and ebb of Tourism Industry in Egypt Between 1982 and 1990, the number of international tourist arrivals went up from 1,423,251 to 2,600,117 which indicate an increase of 182 per cent. Coupled with the numbers of arrivals, revenue from tourism was about 2.5 billion US dollars by 1990, ranked tourism sector as one of the most lucrative sectors of the Egyptian economy. (Table. 5.1) Such great advancement was mainly because of the Egypt government economic initiatives of liberalization I indicated before. (Wahab, 1997) However, the tourism industry proved to be one of the most susceptible sectors to instability in the region. The triggering of terrorist activity in the Middle East after mid-1980s and the anti-American sentiment in the region, intensified by the US air-strikes on targets in Libya in 1986, resulted in tourists reduction, particularly US citizens, in traveling to Egypt. The 90s started with one of the most dramatic event of region caused by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and the following international dispatching of troops to the region. Not surprisingly the tourism industry in Egypt was affected considerably by the consequences of this event. (Conrad, 2005) In February 1991 tourist arrivals fallen off to 57,000, compared with 208,000 in February 1990. Following the end of the Persian Gulf conflict, tourist numbers recovered quickly, reaching to 2214277 on average in 1991 and account for the record figure of around 3 millions in the 12 months to June 1992. (Table. 5.2) Yet, the tourism sector in Egypt went bust again, when a tourism destination were targeted by Islamist militants terrorists. The number of tourists visiting Egypt dropped off about 22% in 1993, while revenue fell by 38%. (Table 5.2) Having failed to eradicate the problem of terrorism through its campaign against militant Islamists, the Government allocated 25 million US dollars for a venture to promote tourism in 1994, with the aim of restoring revenue from this sector to its 1992 level. (Wahab, 1997) However, the number of visitors in the first three months of 1994 was 15% lower than the 1993 level. In January 1993 the World Bank had approved a 130 million US dollars loan for the development of new tourism infrastructure, within the frame ­work of a program, valued at some 805 billion US dollars (EIU, 2004) Realizing that tourism is one of the main cornerstones of the national economy, a com ­prehensive plan was prepared for the fiscal year 1994/1995 to enhance the efforts in three main tourism fields: (a) development; (b) promotion; and (c) public awareness (El Beltagui 1995). The Ministry of Tourism was among the pioneer to put into action the policy of privatization. In addition, an overall national tourism development strategy drawing on marketing techniques was adopted. This strategy laid out the priority zones and determined the detailed rules for investors while taking into account a sustainable development strategy by protecting the natural and cultural resources. The Ministry of Tourism also undertook practical measures in the promotion of tourist industry through an ambitious plan. One important element of this promotional plan was to strengthen Egypts image on the international tourism map as a place for convention tourism. Furthermore, it attempted to raise public awarenes s of the significance of tourism through the mass media. Ten TV spots were produced in 1993-94 and repeatedly shown on main Egyptian TV channels. Also, an agreement was made between the Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Education to incorporate tourism issues in the curricula of primary and secondary schools. (El Beltagui 1995). By mid-1995 several developmental plan with the aim of enhancing tourism infrastructures were implemented in the Abu Soma and the Red Sea coast at Sahl Hashish. According to the Tourism Development Authority report during these years some 27 new projects also were taken into consideration on the south Sinai coast. (EIU, 1998) the consequences of such measures was obvious, in 1995 tourist arrivals increased a quarter further compared to last year culminating to 3.13 millions, a pattern repeated in the following year with some 3.9 million tourist arrivals and estimated revenue of 3.7 billion US dollars. (Table 5.2) Source: Egypt Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) Flourishing of the tourism industry was halted by a dramatic setback in late 1997. Constant fears of the safety and security of travelers followed a terrorist attack on a German tour bus in Cairo in September, which nine German tourists and one Egyptian lost their lives, were aggravated the next month by the massacre of 58 tourists and four Egyptians in Luxor. Many tourist agencies cancelled their travels and similarly many potential tourists withdraw their application for travelling to these destinations. Immediately the Government took extensive recovery measures including compensation of loss of tourism by internal tourism in the region. (Conrad, 2005) Egypt Air, which lost many foreign tourists, offered a half priced fares tickets for domestic tourists. Key among the recovery measures taken in these years is a numerous discounts on several goods and services to urge the potential travelers to come back to the region. The official statistics estimated 1.2 billion US dollars result ed from decrease of tourists numbers from 3.9 to 3.7 and other recovery expenses. Since 1999 the tourism industry undergone recovery and the former construction plans in tourism industry accelerated. The statistics in this year confirm such rapid recovery as around 4.8million tourists visited Egypt and brought about revenue of about 3.9 million US dollars. (CAPMAS, 2008) The investing in tourism industry in the following years was unprecedented. For instance, the value of only one contract for development of luxury accommodation in Port Ghaleb on the Red Sea was around 2,000 million US. These investments proved to be effective as tourist arrivals increased to 5.5 million in 2000, bringing around 4.345 billion US dollar income. (EIU, 2000) The regional crisis including conflict between Palestinians and Israelis in second intifada in September 2000 and the September 11th attacks of 2001 put the sector once again into decline, a number of projects put on hold and many travellers cancel their flights as a result. By November 2001 tourist numbers had fallen off 54.5% compared with the same month the previous year. Since then tourist arrivals have steadily risen and by August 2002 arrivals were a remarkable 15% up on the previous year. However, revenues were taking longer to return to pre-September 11th levels as a result of increased discounting. (Table 5.3) Once again the Government took into consideration the recovery measures in 2002 to make up for the tremendous losses of tourist revenues. Due to global values of Egypt heritages the prestigious international organization showed willingness to make investment in tourism industry in Egypt. A prime example is UNESCO which supported a 350 million dollar project to reconstr uct the Great Egyptian Museum near the Pyramids at Giza. The second Gulf War in 2003 affected the tourism industry in Egypt in some extent. The same year Egypt was host of an international conference on promotion of sustainable tourism following which contribute immensely in offering a positive image of Egypt tourism industry. In 2004 tourist income reached 6.1 billion US dollar which was the Egypts most important current-account credit in the economy history of the country. Tourist arrivals increased by 35% in 2004 to 8.1 million arrivals and a second successive record. (EIU, 2004) The Egyptian government since kept supporting the industry by targeting the markets in European and Arab countries and removing the existing barriers for foreign investing. A successful measure taken by Egypt government was sponsoring the travel of tourism journalists and allowing German and Italian visitors to show any identification cards rather than passport. Key among these measures has also been investing in human resources. The latest measure in this respect was signing a contract with Cornell University to offer training course for Egyptians in the hospitality and tourism industry. The similar educational contract has also been signed with countries with high experiences in the tourism industry such as Greece and France. In addition a five-year campaign with the aim of raising the awareness of public was undertaken in April 2006. Within these programs Egyptians are given training about significant of tourism industry in their life and how to communicate in a hospitable manner. Such training has also incorporated in the primary school curriculum. The campaign also makes best use of televised and printed media to meet its mission. Another campaign has been undertaken to enhance tourism at international level. UK-based DDB International has been hired for this purpose. Marwa Fayed, senior account manager notes â€Å"The campaign borrows some of the same concepts used by Malaysia and India .We are trying to make Egypt into a brand.† (Cited in Meed, 2007) These measures resulted in the renewal of attacks on tourist facilities in 2004 and 2005 and a victory for authorities. Finally according to most recent statistics, in 2006 tourism revenue reached 7.6 billion dollars, Egypt largest source of export earnings. Tourists arrivals rose by 5 percent to 9.1 million, a third successive record. (EIU, 2008) Source: Egypt Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) Tourism stakeholders in Egypt Central and Local government Due to centralized system of governance, appointed authorities in Egypt at local and central level has taken major roles in tourism industry. In particular in recent years they have drawn considerable attention to the industry. Egypt is organized into 27 governorates, each headed by an appointed governor. The local government system act in 1960, stipulated a diverse responsibility for governorates ranging from social, health, welfare, and educational services to the social and economic development of their region. They are monitoring on the measures and plans of the city and village councils. The actual authority however rest with top officials in Cairo in a highly centralized manner through a heavily burdened bureaucracy. The village mayors who were only elected local authorities are now selected by the Ministry of the Interior. (Fahmi, 2002) The ministry of tourism The Ministry of Tourism has come to play destination management organization (DMO) role in Egypt albeit with more and more limited power compared to its Western counterparts. The Ministry is organized into four major sections: (a) Planning and Development; (b) Regulation of Tourist Services; (c) Administration; and (d) Financial and Legal Affairs. Like most other ministries, the Min ­istry of Tourism suffers from overstaffing and inadequate technical capa ­bility. The Ministry in recent years has taken many proactive steps to ensure the private sector dependency tourism. The initial step was establishment of the Tourism Development Authority in 1991 with the aim of enhancing the relationship of private sector with the Ministry in guiding and promoting touristic investments. (Wahab 1997). The Ministry also supervises a number of public sector organizations: (a) Egypt ­ian General Authority for Promotion of Tourism; (b) Public Authority for Conference Centres; and (c) Tourism Dev elopment Authority. A crisis management unit has been established in the Ministry of Tourism to coordinate the stakeholders activities during and after crisis. Key to the recent changes in the Ministry is the new position of the public sector Tourism Authority, as an umbrella company consists of five associated companies including Egyptian General Organization for Tourism and Hotels, Misr Travel Company, Egyptian Hotels Company, Misr Hotels, and Grand Hotels of Egypt (Wahab 1997).The new appointments in the top managerial body of the Ministry of Tourism 2004 is also represents fundamental positive changes for the tourism sector in Egypt. (American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt, 2008) Ministry of Interior and Police There are two major branches of the police in Egypt. The State Security Investigations Sector (SSIS) dealing with crime and investigation, and the Central Security Force (CSF) dealing with internal security issues like public protests and combat with oppositions. As a whole, the force maintains law and order, detects and prevents crime, collects evidence, processes passports, controls traffic, and screens immigrants. In each governorate, a director of police oversees law enforcement in the district. The director reports to the governor. Both the governor and director are overseen by the Ministry of the Interior. Police ranks reflect the gradations within the army, with the higher ranking police officers being major generals down to first lieutenants. Below this are lieutenant-chief warrant officers. Enlisted officers hold the ranks of master sergeant, sergeant, corporal, and private. There is a special tourist police, who wear an armband with an insignia in Arabic and English and are able to speak in English. It was established in 1997 after the massacre of 60 tourists at the Hatsheptsut temple in Luxor. According to one report, a large body of tourist police has been deployed to guard tourist sites. (Fielding, D. and Shortland, A. 2005) Egyptian Tourism Federation (ETF) The tourism private sector in Egypt is represented by Egyptian Federation of Tourist Chambers (EFTC) which was established in 1968 when the first law for tourism was enacted. With new demands for more and more enhancing the tourism industry its official title was changed to Egyptian Tourism Federation (ETF) in 2002. The main ETF task as mentioned in its constitution is to ensure the common interests of the tourism industry by developing strategic cooperation and joint planning between the five Affiliate Associations. This is accomplished through close relationship with the five affiliate business associations: Egyptian Hotels Association (EHA) Egyptian Travel Agents Association (ETAA) Egyptian Chamber of Tourist Establishments (ECTE) Egyptian Chamber of Tourist Commodities (ECTC) Egyptian Chamber of Diving and Water Sports (CDWS). The ETF is also work in association with the following institutions: Travel and tourism enterprises Ministry of Tourism and public authorities in general Supply structure of the tourism industry According to its official site the areas of activity of the ETF is to enhance and support following sectors: Resources development Transportation Infrastructure and superstructure of tourism destinations Human resources development International and regional organizations concerned with tourism development (ETF website) Egypt Airline EgyptAir is a major Egypt state-owned airline established in 1932 and headquartered in Cairo, Egypt. Beginning in 1980, EgyptAir embarked on a modernization and marketing plan. Accordingly, EgyptAir planned its network to maximize its traffic and scope, reaching main cities in all five continents. To carry out its marketing plan, EgyptAir purchased several new aircraft and then developed an autonomous infrastructure to support and serve its fleet in order to operate in a safe and efficient manner. As a result of its market research, EgyptAir was reinvented in a stepped-pyramid form. The base of the pyramid was EgyptAirs most profitable markets. This was a significant step toward establishing the airlines financial credibility, which can be very challenging for an airline from an underdeveloped region of the world such as Egypt. EgyptAir owns shares in many tourism companies and hotel chains, such as Cairo Airport Mà ¶venpick, Tut Amon, and Nefertari in Aswan and Abu Simbel, and Taba Hilton resorts in Sinai. EgyptAir also owns shares in many charter companies, such as Shorouk Air and Air Cairo. Such investments have increased EgyptAirs assets tenfold since the implementation of the airlines modernization and expansion plan in 1980. EgyptAirs network has also expanded to reach major cities and capitals in all five continents. (Groenewege, Adrianus, 2003) Terrorism in Egypt There is little debt that the main challenge to the Tourism Industry comes from a major anti-government extremist movement, the Islamic Group (IG, known in Arabic as Al-Gamaat al-Islamiya).[7] IG emerged in the late 1970s with the principle objective of removing the current Egyptian government from power and replacing it with an Islamic regime. Affiliated with al-Qaida, it has also developed an absolute anti- United States (U.S.) pledge. From 1992 until 1999, IG militants carried out several attacks against tourist destinations in Egypt, most notably a November 1997 attack at Luxor that claimed the lives of 58 foreign visitors. (Graph, 2) Since 1992 Egyptian police and security centres embarked massive attacks on Islamic groups. Coupled with these counter terrorism measures Egyptian parliament passed new anti-terrorism law stipulating death penalty for some crimes and consequently and the Egyptian martial judiciary convicted a number of terrorist to death on accusation of overthrowing the regime. The Islamic groups fought back through terrorism attacks mainly toward the tourism destinations. Such attacks continued constantly over 1993, and proved to be a suitable target for terrorists to gain their goals and at the same the tourism industry suffered considerably from the attacks. These left an intensively negative image of Egypt as a tourism choice and were resulted in withdrawal of many international tourism operators from Egypt. This time the government accelerated its counter-terrorism measures by deployment a massive number of security forces. Those accused of terrorist act were received very severe punishments by military courts. In 1993 these courts in an unprecedented action convicted a record number of 38 Islamists to death and 29 were executed. (Tal, 2005) Not surprisingly, such measures run in contrast with human right principles and triggered an extensive international criticism. Such opposition slowed down a little aggressive measure. The Egyptian government also tried to carry out the policy of carrot instead of stick by allowing the oppositions to occupy some minor public posts. (Kepel, 2005) The tug of war between government and Islamic dissents carried out till after 1997 when in massive trial 98 oppositions were sentenced charges of subversion, four of whom were convicted to death penalty and eight to imprisonment for life. This triggered a new wave of terrorism fight back marked by terrorism attack to tourist bus in Cairo which lead to killing nine German tourists and injuring 11 others. This attack is still remained unclear as the government claimed that terrorist had no link with IG but evidences all support the strong connection IG members with the event, following this event two suspects of conducting the attack were executed. This severe reaction led to the tragedy of Luxor in which 70 people, including 58 foreign tourists, wore massacred by members of IG. This over reaction learnt the Government to emphasis more on carrot policies. As such, they opened up a dialogue with moderate oppositions as part of a national reform. (Kassem, 2004) As a result, Muslim Brotherhood condemned the attack. Other political measures taken into account to combat terrorism was secret agreement between Egypt and the West for the identifying and extraditing IG leaders in exile. Since the public opinion no longer supporting the aggressive actions of terrorist, IG showed the signs of ceasefire in 1999. In 2000 Al-Jihad also paved the same way and declared the halt in terrorism attacks. The ceasefire was short-lived when in October 2004, 34 people were killed in bomb attacks at Taba. These were followed by terrorists attacks in Sharm al-Sheikh in 2005, which led to 64 lose of life, and a series of bombings exploded in Dahab in April 2006, which killed 20 people. Yet, the government has linked these attacks to terror cells of local Bedouin from North Sinai, which have connections to al-Qaida. Conclusion The progress in tourism industry in Egypt was maddeningly slow in Nasser era; however, aftermath of Nassers death the country drew attention back to tourism industry and since as the official statistics indicates it has thrived and dramatically developed. The industry proved to be very vulnerable to the security incidents. In respond, the Egyptian government has undertaken a plethora of counter terrorism techniques. The balance sheet of their measures demonstrated a capacity of for rebounding strongly from such incidents, but a sustained campaign would be far more difficult.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Hard rock Cafe global strategy Essay

1. From your knowledge of restaurants, from the video, from the Global Company Profile that opens this chapter, and from the case itself, identify how each of the 10 decisions of operations management is applied at Hard Rock Cafà ©? Design of Goods and services Hard Rock Cafà © is providing the customers with an experience of music, rock and roll ambiance as well as good food. This unique experience is not limited to the meals on the menu. They combine the good food with the harmony of their memorabilia and the rock and roll spirit, which makes the experience non-replicable elsewhere. Managing Quality Surveys are done on a regular basis to make sure of customer satisfaction. If the result is less than 7 from the scale of 1 to 7 it is considered a failure. Process and Capacity Design Every product is designed and tested for cost of ingredients, labor requirement and client satisfaction. Then they are only put on production is the ingredients are available from qualified vendor. Location strategy: They narrow down the search from country to city and then to precise street corner. They try to select the right market and go there at the right time. Layout Strategy The company designs the kitchen flows for food preparation and the bar layout for the maximum revenue. Every piece of experience strategy including memorabilia, music and visuals takes on a new significance Human Resources and job design: The company seeks people who are love music and enjoy serving and share the experience to visitors. They train and support the employees and help them develop as contributors to their community. Supply Chain management: They buy their ingredients based on market analysis and from qualified suppliers. The supply chain process is designed to yield a quality meal. Inventory, MRP, JIT: The inventory includes food and merchandise as well as $40M of Rock and Roll memorabilia which most of them are on the walls of its cafes around the world. Their warehouse in Orlando cataloged every single item and every single story with that item. They know exactly what is on what wall in which cafà ©. They can locate that value. Scheduling: The staffs are scheduled down to 15 minutes intervals to meet daily and seasonal demand. Maintenance: Every 5 to 7 years they collect all the memorabilia in each cafà © and bring it to the main warehouse, they refurbish them and then replace it with new gear. 2. How would you determine the productivity of the kitchen staff and wait staff at Hard Rock? Single factor productivity for kitchen staff is unit food produced divided by labor hours and for the waiting staff is number of people served divided by labor hours. 3. How are the 10 decisions of OM different when applied to the operations manager of a service operation such as Hard Rock versus an automobile company such as Ford Motor Company? Although Hard Rock Cafà © is considered service industry and Ford Motor is a company that manufactures goods, the application of 10 critical decisions are applied to both of them. They both have marketing, operations, and finance. They also have labor hours, supply chain of goods, facility costs and are needed to provide high quality products (service or good).

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Ethics: Goldman Sachs Essay

Goldman Sachs, founded by German immigrants, began as a small humble business looking to succeed. Over time their business strategy changed and they entered into ethical and legal issues they had not encountered before. In the late 1920s Goldman Sachs began maliciously investing in companies to drive their demand. They coined this term â€Å"laddering† from overleveraging them selves and putting the market at risk. Their actions created the bubble that burst in the stock market crash of 1929. Furthermore, Goldman Sachs engaged in â€Å"trading huddles†. Only their preferred customers where chose to participate on this unethical schemes, and the same customers were shot changed on financial profit from unprofitable IPO’s shares. It was clear that Goldman Sachs business focus was not customer based but self-based by the mantras that they use to have: â€Å"long-term greedy† and â€Å"Filthy rich by forty.† In 2008 the market once again crashed equally as hard as in 1929 and Goldman Sachs was at the root of the cause. With self-fulfillment and greed in mind, Goldman Sachs used Collateralized Debt Obligations and bet against their clients to increase profitability. Goldman Sachs progressively became more unethical in their dealings, and the SEC took notice. Goldman was accused on two accounts of fraud because of one particular portfolio of securities, named ABACUS, which they dealt with. After analyzing the case and reviewing the unethical actions and alleged accusations against Goldman Sachs, it is clear that Goldman Sachs was operating unethically. They misrepresented, hid information, and engaged in conflicts of interest with their clients. Goldman Sachs took an unfair advantage with their â€Å"toes to the line mentality† on their legal and ethical issues leading the SEC to establish harsher regulations for the banking industry. Goldman Sachs can become more ethical by adopting Warren Buffet’s front page of the newspaper principles. When a firm finds that its employees needs to convince themselves that their work is adding social value, the firm should questions its ethical practices. The recommendation for a firm when they find themselves condoning unethical actions is to be honest with the regulating entity and its clients. It is likely to reward them in the long run despite the immediate consequences. Goldman Sachs Background In 1869 two German immigrants came to the US and founded Goldman Sachs with the humble purpose of being both an originator and a clearinghouse for commercial paper (Jennings, 73). However, the firm started to gradually drift from its initial business strategy set by its founders and started to provide other services and undertook investment strategies. In the late 1920’s Goldman Sachs created investment companies that it would itself invest in to drive up the market demand. As a result, investors started to invest in the company because of the perceived high demand. With the new proceeds, Goldman would borrow more money and create another investment company and repeat the process. As a result of this action, Goldman contributed to the stock market crash in 1929 and, with a similar strategy, the recent financial crisis in 2008 (Jennings, 73). During the Internet bubble in the 1990’s, Goldman engaged in an activity known as laddering. Goldman, as the underwriter of a security, would enter an agreement with its best clients to sell a portion of IPO’s shares at a predetermined price after their initial offering. This led to a misconceived demand in the secondary market of the stock due to the predetermined secondary pricing Goldman had set with some of it’s clients. Furthermore, in the 2000’s, Goldman would sell Collateralized Debt Obligations, for which it had a negative outlook, to its clients and issue trading reports, developed through the existing â€Å"trading huddles† in the firm, to certain preferred customers that was different from the analyst reports that were issued to the public. Its practices has been scrutinized and particularly its â€Å"toes to the line† on legal issues. In most cases, Goldman and its clients are the two main parties involved, and it is the clients that usually end up with the short end of the stick. Goldman’s actions are partly explained by the mantras that they use to have: â€Å"long-term greedy,† and â€Å"Filthy rich by forty.† This paper is relevant for current business leaders because it presents a case where a successful firm has come under great scrutiny due to its unethical actions and questionable practices. Bending the rules and pushing the envelope continuously to be a profitable firm has put Goldman in an unfavorable light in society. The paper will further discuss the ethical and legal issues Goldman has run into through its practices and will provide a general recommendation for how a business can avoid and deal with unethical practices. Analysis of Relevant Legal and Ethical Issues Initial Public Offerings Goldman created a synthetic demand in its IPOs through selling a portion of the IPO shares to its clients at a predetermined price higher then the initial price. This caused the price of the IPO shares to rise due to manufactured demand by Goldman (Jennings, 75). The Securities and Exchange Commission filed a complaint against Goldman alleging that they had violated Rule 101 of Regulation M under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which states: â€Å"Rule 101 of Regulation M, among other things, prohibits underwriters, during a restricted period (the five-day period preceding the determinations of IPO prices and prior to the completion of distributions of IPO shares), from directly or indirectly bidding for, purchasing, or attempting to induce any person to bid for or purchase any offered security in the aftermarket† (SEC). Goldman clearly attempted to induce, or induced, certain clients to bid for or purchase offered securities in the aftermarket through its laddering practices, which clearly violates Rule 101 of Regulation M. Goldman agreed to settle with the SEC by paying a fine of $40 million without admitting or denying the allegations (SEC). Some of the unethical practices present in Goldman’s laddering activities were: * Misrepresentation- Goldman inflated the price of the IPO shares consciously through the manufactured demand and the price of the shares were misrepresented. * Lying- Goldman Sachs lied to some of its best clients and had them pay higher price than the initial price under the laddered IPOs. * Violating Rules – Clearly making money from laddering is a violation of rules and therefore Goldman paid a heavy fine when they were caught engaging in this illegal practice Collateralized Debt In order to understand Goldman’s involvement in CDO’s it is pertinent to explain the security. Collateralized debt is simply an Asset-Backed Security, which means that there is a physical asset backing the security under contract. For example, a house serves as collateral for a mortgage and the bank has the right to claim the house in the event that the borrower defaults on the loan. A security is considered any investment contract that gives the owner evidence of indebtedness or business participation. Notes, stock, bonds, debentures, warrants, subscriptions, voting trust certificates, rights to oil, gas, and minerals, and limited partnership interest are all example of securities (Jennings, 728). A Collateralized Debt Obligation is a variety of fixed-income assets that are pooled together to create one security. In 2008, many of these CDOs became completely worthless because they were filled with sub-prime mortgages that defaulted, and Goldman was a big player in the CDO market. ABACUS was one particular CDO deal in which Goldman had created and sold. Fabrice Tourre, a vice president at Goldman Sachs at the time, put together the ABACUS CDO to be sold to clients. Tourre intentionally filled ABACUS with subprime mortgages so that Goldman could take a short position on the security, which means betting against its success, in order to profit. This CDO deal became infamous because the SEC uncovered a few emails written by Tourre. In one of the emails Tourre wrote: â€Å"More and more leverage in the system. The whole building is about to collapse anytime now †¦ Only potential survivor, the fabulous Fab [rice Tourre] †¦ standing in the middle of all these complex, highly leveraged, exotic trades he created without necessarily understanding all of the implication of those monstrosities [sic]!!!† (Quinn) The SEC filed a civil action suit against Goldman and Tourre for their conduct under the ABACUS deal. The SEC’s complaint charged Goldman and Tourre with violations against Section 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and Exchange Act Rule 10b-5 (SEC). Each of the following rule of law states, among other things: â€Å"It shall be unlawful for any person in the offer or sale of any securities †¦ (2) to obtain money or property by means of any untrue statement of a material fact or any omission to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made†¦ â€Å" (SEC) â€Å" POSITION LIMITS —As a means reasonably designed to prevent fraud and manipulation, the Commission shall, by rule or regulation, as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors, establish limits (including related hedge ex ­ emption provisions) on the size of positions in any security-based swap that may be held by any person.† (SEC) â€Å"It shall be unlawful for any person †¦ (a.) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud,†¨(b) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statementsmade, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ (Taft Law) Goldman clearly violated Section 17(a) by not including the information that their ABACUS securities were based on poor mortgages. They violated Section 10(b) by taking a large short position in the Abacus deal. Lastly, they violated Rule 10b-5 by omitting material fact of their short position in the security. Furthermore, the SEC prohibits any analyst from issuing reports on securities that run contrary to the analyst’s true beliefs about the securities. Goldman denies betting against clients in an 8 page letter to it shareholder signed by CEO Lloyd Blankfien as well as President Gary Cohn. Goldman claims that they were protecting themselves and Blankfien said, â€Å"†¦Certainly we did not know the future of the housing market† (SEC). Goldman agreed to pay a fine of $550 million and admitted that it failed to disclose vital information in their marketing of ABACUS securities. Goldman’s actions did not reflect honesty, integrity, or responsibility. Some of the ethical issues present in the ABACUS deal are: * Taking unfair advantage – Goldman consciously made poor recommendations to their clients in order to sell the Abacus CDOs so they could make a profit on their short position. * Engaging in Conflict of Interest – Goldman stated: â€Å"We may trade, and have existing position, based on trading ideas before we have discussed those ideas with you†(Jennings 80). Despite this argument, they had a significant incentive to market and sell the securities in order to profit. * Hiding or Divulging information – Goldman used another firm to create the Abacus CDOs in order to distance themselves from the trade conflicts that would arise by shorting the CDO. They also omitted crucial information about the security, which was the knowledge of the amount of high-risk mortgage securities in the Abacus CDO. * Violating Rules- Goldman was charged with securities fraud, as explained by above, and did not look out for the best interest of their clients. Trading Huddles Goldman’s first obstacle with their trading huddles activities came from their Fundamental Strategies Group of analysts. The group consisted of Goldman analysts employed by their Securities Divisions. These groups of desk analysts were not regulated by the SEC rules because they did not involve â€Å"GIR [Global Investment Research Division] equity research analysts.† The SEC have strict guidelines that, â€Å"prohibits an analyst from issuing reports on securities that run contrary to the analyst’s true beliefs about the securities.† (Craig) Goldman did not break any statutory laws with the Fundamental Strategies Group since they were not covered in the SEC ruling. From the uprising, Goldman’s executives sent an email to all their clients, explaining their â€Å"Trading Ideas† and advice. The email was meant to elucidate the firm and public’s â€Å"conflict of interest† policy. In the message, Goldman stated, â€Å"You should not consider Trading Ideas as objective or independent research or as investment advice. When we discuss Trading Ideas with you, we will not be acting as your advisor (including, without limitation, in relation to investment, accounting, tax or legal matters) and the provision of Trading Ideas to you will not give rise to any fiduciary or equitable duties on our part† (Sorkin 1). In the case of Goldman vs. Common Wealth of Massachusetts, the court ruled, â€Å"Goldman failed to reasonably supervise GIR equity analysts’ communications to prevent and detect dissemination by GIR equity analysts of certain unpublished short term trading ideas† (SEC) and were held accountable to Section 204 (a)(2)(J) of the Act, which in part states that: â€Å"The secretary may by order†¦. deny, suspend, or revoke, any registration †¦ if he finds (1) that the order is the public interest and (2) that the applicant or registrant (J) has failed reasonably to supervise agents, investment adviser representatives or other employees to assure compliance with this chapter† (SEC). Goldman failed to supervise its agents to guarantee compliance with the act. The court ruled that Goldman must have a policy that allows a GIR equity research analyst to identify an unpublished report and follow its publication through more than 14 persons. Furthermore, Goldman will be required to disclose in their Terms of Use Agreement that the amount of GIR equity research report varies from client to client (Stempel). â€Å"Goldman agreed to pay a fine of $10 million and stop giving favored clients trading ideas developed at internal gatherings known as â€Å"trading huddles†Ã¢â‚¬  (Stempel). In addition, they were charged with not dealing in with honesty with all clients and took advantage over others, known as fair dealing with clients. While all companies try to balance on the line of pursuing profits and maintaining a moral conduct, Goldman Sachs was unable to keep their balance. After the reports of intentionally avoiding regulation from SEC Regulation AC, requiring equity research analysts to certify that their issued reports represents their actual views (SEC), the company crossed ethical boundaries. With their Fundamental Strategies Group, Goldman as a whole company condoned unethical action. Instead of following the regulation of the SEC they went around it. Some of the ethical issues present in the case were: * Taking unfair advantage – one part of the firm issued equity research reports to the public and another part of the firm did also engage in equity research but came to a different conclusion. However, the latter report was only issued to certain clients. By releasing one view on a subject and taking another position themselves, thereby taking unfair advantage. * Violating rules – even though their Fundamental Strategies Group were not violating any laws or regulation, they failed to follow the SEC Regulation AC Recommendation and Conclusion The cases mentioned above are only a few of the instances where Goldman has been scrutinized by government entities and the public. Its continuous practice of â€Å"toes to the line† on legal issues has many times resulted in lawsuits against the firm. As we can see, the legal issues they are pushing are unethical, however, they are not violating those laws. Instead, they are charged with other violations that result from operating at the line of illegal practices. Their reputation took a hit due to multiple SEC allegations and fines. To avoid these ethical situations Goldman Sachs should use the ethical principles that are taught. For example, they should have used Warren Buffet’s front page of the newspaper test in the case with the IPOs. Goldman Sachs should ask itself if they would be indifferent of their actions if the public would know that they intentionally manufactured demand for their IPOs. A partial reason for their unethical conduct was due to rationalizing; when they were confronted about their actions they proceeded by rationalizing and labeling their actions in order to avoid the ethical dilemmas. In the ABACUS case, Goldman stated that their clients are â€Å"qualified† and â€Å"sophisticated† enough to make market risk decisions. They most likely rationalized their actions by saying that the system is unfair and â€Å"if we don’t do it, someone else will†. In their case with trading huddles, it was a practice carried out by other firms, however, not to the same degree as Goldman. They waited until the lawyers told them it was wrong and rationalized by thinking â€Å"It’s a gray area†. Goldman Sachs’s pushed the limit of both the letter of the law, and the spirit of the law when dealing with its clients. Goldman’s history of brushing past ethical decisions have created many problems for the firm in the past years. It is clear that pursuing this strategy has not been to their benefit. A business should not have to argue how its actions add social value; it should be clear by the actions themselves. Therefore, if a business finds itself engaging in activities that do not pass Warrant Buffet’s Front of the Newspaper test it should reconsider its actions and business model. A red flag should rise when employees convince themselves that they are adding social value, as in the case with Tourre, or if employees feel any discomfort with their actions. If a company finds itself condoning unethical actions and violating the law, the best solution is to make an action plan on how to present their violations to the regulating government entity most truthfully and inform their clients of the unethical conduct with an apology. Despite that these measures might have a negative impact on the firm, it is highly likely be a short-term effect. The longstanding trust built up from their honesty and confrontation of the unethical actions could be beneficial to the firm’s future reputation. Work Cited Craig, Susanne. â€Å"Goldman’s Trading Tips Reward Its Biggest Clients.† The Wall Street Journal. 24 Aug. 2009. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Goldman Sachs & Co.: Lit. Rel. No. 19051 / JANUARY 25, 2005.† U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (Home Page). Web. 28 Mar. 2012. . Quinn, James. â€Å"Goldman Sachs, Fabrice Tourre and the Complex Abacus of Toxic Mortgages.† The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 16 Apr. 2010. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Rule 10b-5 — Employment of Manipulative and Deceptive Devices.† Law School  » University of Cincinnati College of Law. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"SEC Charges Goldman Sachs With Fraud in Structuring and Marketing of CDO Tied to Subprime Mortgages.† ; 2010-59; April 16, 2010. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. . Sorkin, Andrew. â€Å"DealBook.† Mergers, Acquisitions, Venture Capital, Hedge Funds. 12 Jan. 2010. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Statement by SEC Chairman: Proposal of Regulation AC.† Statement by SEC Chairman: Proposal of Regulation AC (Harvey L. Pitt). Web. 28 Mar. 2012. . Stempel, Jo nathan. â€Å"Goldman Fined $10 Million, Agrees to Stop Trading Huddles.† Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 09 June 2011. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. .