Retailing Industry of UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Retailing Industry of UK - Essay Example This report is structured into four sections. Section two of the paper presents a brief overview of the UK retail sector, using some key players such as Tesco, J.Sainsbury, Morrison and Mark and Spencer. The third part of the report focuses on how the sector is affected by factors in the PESTLE framework. Part four of the paper provides an argument in support of how an understanding of these factors by a firm can create a competitive advantage. The section also provides a brief conclusion and recommendation. Like macroeconomic analysis the analysis of the industry is important because it enables the analyst to make abnormal profits arising from information asymmetry between the proper analyst and competitors who fail to carry out a proper analysis. Just as it is difficult for a firm to do well in a poor macroeconomic environment, so too is it difficult for a firm to perform well in a troubled industry. (Bodie et al, 2002). Similarly, as performance can vary across countries, so too does it vary across industries. (Bodie et al, 2002). This section examines the activities of key players in the UK retail sector. It focuses on the activities of some of the major players such as TESCO, Morison, J.Sainsbury and Mark and Spencer (Report 2008). Tesco PLC is an international retailer. ... (Bodie et al, 2002). Similarly, as performance can vary across countries, so too does it vary across industries. (Bodie et al, 2002). This section examines the activities of key players in the UK retail sector. It focuses on the activities of some of the major players such as TESCO, Morison, J.Sainsbury and Mark and Spencer (Report 2008). Tesco PLC is an international retailer. The principal activity of the Company is food retailing with over 2,000 stores in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan and China. Tesco offers simple travel insurance, food retailing, Tesco personal finance, Telecom, and recycling facilities to the public. J Sainsbury Plc is a United Kingdom-based food retailer with interests in financial services. The Company is principally engaged in grocery and related retailing, and financial services (Report 2008). Wm Morrison Supermarkets PLC is engaged in the operation of retail supermarket stores and associated activities. Its business is mainly related to food and grocery. During the fiscal year ended February 4, 2007, it operated 368 Morrisons stores, with 10.5 million square feet of retail space. Through its stores, Wm Morrison Supermarkets PLC offers a range of goods, which include fresh foods, groceries, home and leisure products, beers, wines and spirits (Report 2008). 2.0 Growing Trend of the PESTLE framework and How its affects the UK Retail sector In business, environmental analysis is an appreciation of the activities of an organization in relation to its environment (Lin& Lee 2006). Such analysis

The Accidental Tourist- Macon's Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Accidental Tourist- Macon's Change - Essay Example The novel is mainly based on Macon Leary and how his metamorphosis comes about. How one deals with death and tragedy matters a lot, Macon loses his son in a shoot-out so he is clearly shown as a devastated man, the same also affects his marriage with his life and they decide to separate. The process of reconciliation is important, initially Macon does not want to be friendly with anyone, he is hostile and extremely upset because he loses his son but he later changes his attitude and adapts well in-spite of his great loss. Sarah and Muriel are the two love interests in the life of Macon, Muriel is his lover in the novel and Sarah is his wife. Some very interesting and important sequences of events happen in Paris. Macon gets injured in Paris in the novel, his back gets badly hurt and Sarah looks after him. He gets to juxtapose the qualities of the two women this time around, in doing so he finds that he is really uncomfortable with Sarah and he has to be someone else when he is with h is wife Sarah. On the other hand he finds life to be rosy when he is with Muriel; he is really comfortable when she is around. This makes a lot of difference in how events unfold in the novel, Macon also changes a lot after he notices such fine differences in the two women in his life. â€Å"In spite of Muriel’s difference from Macon in age, class, and outlook on life, once Macon has admitted to her his pain over Ethan’s death, he comes to realize, that she too, has been hurt in her life, that he is not the only person ever to feel pain.† (The Accidental Tourist) Macon changes and finds that even though Muriel is eccentric she is much different from Sarah and he falls for her. "Now that Ethan's dead I sometimes wonder if there's any point to life," Macon responds, "It never seemed to me there was all that much point to begin with."  (The Accidental Tourist) The way Sarah dealt with the loss of their child was extremely different from the way Macon dealt with t he loss, the differences between the two most important characters of the novel are very important to observe to be able to determine the extent of change Macon went through in the novel. â€Å"When Macon is with Muriel he is not detached and cold; he gradually comes to see other people in the world not as faceless mobs of people but as individuals doing the best they can to get through life† (The Accidental Tourist) Macon realizes the differences between Sarah and Muriel; he wanted to start a relationship with Muriel in-spite of their differences. There were quite a few differences between the two, their age was not ideal nor was anything else, both belonged to different cultures and Sarah had even pointed out the changes but they complimented each other well. â€Å"He had not taken steps very often in his life   . . . all seemed to have simply befallen him.   He couldn’t think of a single major act he had managed of his own accord.   Was it too late to begin?à ‚   Was there any way he could learn to do things differently.† (The Accidental Tourist) Macon finally realized that Muriel was the woman who brought the best out of him each day and he can be happy should he decide to stay with Muriel. His outlook towards life changed because of Muriel, with Sarah he was a very different person and with Muriel he was another person. â€Å"

Examining Models of Reflection on Leadership and Management

Examining Models of Reflection on Leadership and Management The final test of a leader is that he (sic) leaves behind him in other men the conviction and the will to carry on. [Lippmann , 1945] The quote from Walter Lippmann above highlights a major part of what a leadership entails. The ability to inspire others to carry on with work once we have moved on or are not there to lead ourselves is a skill that many of us have to work hard to acquire. Being a leader is not as easy as it sounds. Sometimes a leader has to make unpopular decisions for the good of all. How this is achieved is also a skill that good leaders display. The leadership styles in management also vary on the type of people that the leader works with. Some need the iron fist, others need the velvet glove. Leadership styles in management hinge on two things, the leader himself and the people around him. The leadership style which the leader chooses ought to ideally be the one which will help him extract the best out of the people around him. So having said that, here are the dominant leadership styles in management.. Good leaders are made not born. If the one have the desire and willpower, he can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience (Jago, 1982). While leadership is learned, the skills and knowledge processed by the leader can be influenced by his or hers attributes or traits, such as beliefs, values, ethics, and character. Knowledge and skills contribute directly to the process leadership, while the other attributes give the leader certain char acteristics that make him or her unique. Leadership and management are essential skill for all qualified healthcare professionals. when leadership comes to nursing, it is recognised that nurses   who have leadership capabilities can improve motivational levels of others in the work environment, this helps nurses to have a positive attitudes about their work, and to run their daily tasks and responsibilities more effectively. Treat the patients and other staff members with respect, and be able to reach personal goals and objectives. It involves an individuals efforts to influence the behaviour of others in providing direct individualised one in that the primary responsibilities of the nurse and health care personnels in the delivery of nursing care. The process of leadership and management are based on a scientific approach called problem solving method. The function of these scientific method is to increase the probability of success for a nurse managers action, given the particulars of a unique environment. In a typical nursing environment, there are staff members, clients, managers, situational variables such as polices and norms, and material resources, there are unique science it would be impossible to find this exact environment in another place or time. The goal of nurses manager is to identify the environments resources and put them to work as a whole system in accomplishing goals and facilitating growth. Reflection involves describing, analysing and evaluating our thoughts, assumptions, beliefs, theories and action [Fade 2005] The educationalist and philosopher John Dewey developed his ideas on thinking and learning and focused on the concept of thinking reflectively, defining it as; Active persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends [Dewey 1933.p 9] He says reflective thinking as a thinking with a purpose and focused strongly on the need to test out and challenge true beliefs by applying the scientific method through deductive reasoning and experimentation. He implied the emotions and feelings are part of reflective thinking but , interestingly, this is not something on which he expanded. He made some important assumptions about people emphasising our tendencies towards quick solutions, tradition and mental ruts and the pervading influence of culture and the environment upon our thinking. He also emphasised the need the need for thinking to be directly linked with action, demonstrating the pragmatic nature of his philosophy, and suggested that any thinking can be intellectual. Thus emphasising the importance of practical as well as the theoretical. Reflection starts with the individual or group and their own experiences and can result, if applied to practice, in improvement of the clinical skills performed by the individual through new knowledge gained on reflection. Clamp (1980) noted that nurses attitudes largely govern how care is administered to their client and the commonest causes of poor care are ignorance and inappropriate attitudes. This process of reflection, if then related into practice, can assist the individual in gaining the required knowledge, leading to a potential improvement in the quality of the care received from that individual. The outcome of reflection as identified by Mezirow (1981) is learning. Louden (1991) describes in ordinary language reflection as serious and sober thought at some distance from action and has connotations similar to meditation and introspection . It is a mental process which takes place out of the stream of action, looking forward or (usually) back to actions that have taken place . Reflective Practice Reflective practice is associated with learning from experience, and is viewed as an important strategy for health professionals who embrace life long learning. The act of reflection is seen as a way of promoting the development of autonomous, qualified and self-directed professionals. Engaging in reflective practice is associated with the improvement of the quality of care, stimulating personal and professional growth and closing the gap between theory and practice. Models of reflection In the models of reflection, I would like to discuss about Gibbs Frame work for Reflection and  Johns Model of Structured Reflection à ¢-  1.Gibbs Framework for Reflection (Linked with the core skills of reflection) In that Stage 1: Description of the event Describe in detail the event you are reflecting on. Include e.g. where were you; who else was there; why were you there; what were you doing; what were other people doing; what was the context of the event; what happened; what was your part in this; what parts did the other people play; what was the result.   Stage 2: Feelings and Thoughts (Self awareness) At this stage, try to recall and explore those things that were going on inside your head. Include:How you were feeling when the event started?What you were thinking about at the time?,How did it make you feel?,How did other people make you feel? ,How did you feel about the outcome of the event? ,What do you think about it now? Stage 3: Evaluation   Try to evaluate or make a judgement about what has happened. Consider what was good about the experience and what was bad about the experience or what did or didnt go so well Stage 4: Analysis Break the event down into its component parts so they can be explored separately. You may need to ask more detailed questions about the answers to the last stage. Include:   What went well?,What did you do well?,What did others do well?,What went wrong or did not turn out how it should have done? .In what way did you or others contribute to this?   Stage 5: Conclusion (Synthesis)   This differs from the evaluation stage in that now you have explored the issue from different angles and have a lot of information to base your judgement. It is here that you are likely to develop insight into you own and other peoples behaviour in terms of how they contributed to the outcome of the event. Remember the purpose of reflection is to learn from an experience. Without detailed analysis and honest exploration that occurs during all the previous stages, it is unlikely that all aspects of the event will be taken into account and therefore valuable opportunities for learning can be missed. During this stage you should ask yourself what you could have done differently.   Stage 6: Action Plan   During this stage you should think yourself forward into encountering the event again and to plan what you would do would you act differently or would you be likely to do the same? Here the cycle is tentatively completed and suggests that should the event occur again it will be the focus of another reflective cycle à ¢-  2 Johns model of structured Reflection . Chris Johns (1994; 1995) model arose from his work in the Burford Nursing Development Unit in the early 1990s. He envisaged this model as being used within a process of guided reflection. His focus was about uncovering and making explicit the knowledge that we use in our practice. He adopted some earlier work by Carper (1978) who looked at ways of knowing in nursing. According to his model of reflection the ways of knowing are Aesthetics the art of what we do, our own experiences à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What was I trying to achieve? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Why did I respond as I did? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What were the consequences of that for the patient? Others? Myself? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How was this person (people) feeling?  Ã‚   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How did I Know this? Personal self awareness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How did I feel in this situation? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What internal factors were influencing me? Ethics moral knowledge à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How did my actions match my beliefs? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What factors made me act in an in-congruent way? Empirics- scientific à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What knowledge did or should have informed me? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ References à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ C Rodgers (2002) Teachers collage records: the voice of scholarship in education à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Elaine Lymne La Monica (1986) Nursing leadership and management: an experiential approach à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Chris Bulman Sue Schutz (2004) Reflective practice in nursing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gibbs G (1988) Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford Further Education Unit, Oxford.  Ã‚   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Johns C (1995) Framing learning through reflection within Carpers fundamental ways of knowing in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing 22 226-234 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢

Discuss economic arguments for and against imposing substantially :: Economics

Discuss economic arguments for and against imposing substantially higher taxes on sale of alcohol. Governments interfere in markets and their working with the primary purpose of provision of welfare to people and preventing market failure. There are many methods of intervention such as - taxes and subsidies - buffer stocks - applying maximum and minimum prices - provision of public goods and services - provision of education and training - legislation and market reforms Applying taxes has two purposes: to generate revenue for the government and to discourage consumption and output of certain goods, usually demerit goods. Demerit goods are those goods that are usually over consumed by in a market system, and have social costs exceeding social benefit due to high negative externalities. They contrast merit goods which are desirable for the welfare of society, as positive externalities exceed negative externalities. Taxes out on goods such as alcohol are considered indirect taxes. Depending upon the price elasticity of a good, and its demand and market price, government places either - specific taxes that are of a specific number, e.g. 10 dirhams on every bottle of beer - ad valorem taxes that add a percentage of the market price onto taxes e.g. 5% of price of beer A government must analyze the effects of taxing, or increasing taxation on a good, whether or not the taxation satisfies the goals. The Social costs of alcohol involve the cost of production, cost of purchase and negative externalities such as alcohol poisoning and drunken driving deaths and violence. The social benefits are the profit made by producers, the utility gained by consumers and externalities such as prevention of heart diseases. The imposing of substantially higher taxes on the sale of alcohol may be good in two ways: Firstly, alcohol is regarded as a habit forming good. Hence it may be assumed that either it disobeys the law of demand (quantity demanded of a good is inversely proportional to change in price, all other factors remaining constant), or it is price inelastic (a percentage change in price causes a smaller percentage change in quantity demanded). Although imposition of taxes will increase the market price of alcohol, the change in demand would be substantially lower. Therefore the government would gain revenue, which it may use for provision of welfare. Secondly, alcohol is a demerit good. It has private benefits as an industry, and it provides utility and satisfaction to consumers. Its positive externalities include reducing coronary diseases, and providing amusement to others in social events. However, its negative externalities include addiction, drunken driving accidents and fights which result in property damage, and provide a burden to society. Its positive externality of preventing coronary diseases arises only from

Overview Of The Musculoskeletal System Health And Social Care Essay

One illustration of diagnostic trial for the musculoskeletal system is Electromyography ( EMG ) . This diagnostic trial evaluates and records electrical activity of musculuss. It aids in diagnosing of lower motor nerve cell and peripheral nervus upsets. During the process, an electomyograph is used to bring forth a record called EMG, which determines what sort of upset the patient have. Small pins or acerate leafs are inserted into the musculuss and low electrical currents are passed through these, to mensurate the electrical activity of the patient ‘s musculuss. These electrical activity, determines the patient ‘s musculus ability to react when the nervus in the musculuss are stimulated. 2. Discuss musculoskeletal alterations associated with the aging procedure. When people ages, decrease motor activity are the frequently observation that can be sighted. This alteration is due to diminish motor nerve cells and motor fibres that are bring forth when a individual increases his/her age. Muscle mass is besides affected, in footings that the thin musculus mass is decreased while fat additions. The flexibleness and scope of gesture of an older individual are affected due to alterations in collagen construction and diminish physical activity, these decline consequences to muscle stiffness, joint spasms/pain, and decreased scope of gesture. Sensorimotor of an older grownup is besides affected. Due to aging, reduced neurotransmitters are produced that consequences decline of encephalon cells. In stead with this, the older grownup experience, lessening perceptual experience to quiver, temperature, and force per unit area. 3. Discuss patient readying for an arthroscopy. Arthroscopy, is a surgical direction in treating/diagnosing musculus upset by analyzing the internal construction of a joint utilizing an instrument called arthroscope. In fixing a patient for this process, the wellness status of the patient is the first thing to see. The patient should non hold bosom and lung diseases, should non hold taken decoagulants ( blood dilutants ) hebdomads before the process, do n't hold diabetes and high blood force per unit area to be able to measure up for this process. Physical scrutiny, blood trials and uranalysis are done to hold baselines for the patient ‘s wellness. If the patient is positive for any bosom or lung jobs, electrocardiogram ( EKG ) and chest X ray are done to measure the patient ‘s wellness capacity if he/she is capable for this process. 4. Discuss constituents of a musculoskeletal physical appraisal. In musculoskeletal physical appraisal, the cephalocaudal mode is followed along with IPPA, ROM and musculus testing are used in analyzing the musculoskeletal status of the patient. The equipments to be used are tape step, goniometer – to mensurate joint angles and tegument marker pen. Get downing of with this appraisal, stance and pace is assessed, the spinal column for any curvature and position, temporomandibular articulation, thoracolumbar spinal column, upper appendages ( shoulder, shoulder blade, caput, thorax, cervix, arm, cubitus, carpuss, custodies, and fingers ) , lower appendages ( hip, articulatio genus, mortise joint, pes and toes tenderness, hardened musculus cramps, swelling, flexure of the musculuss of the patient are assessed.Web Assignment1. Sum up an article discoursing techniques used in measuring the musculoskeletal system. How do the constituents of the wellness history guide the appraisal? In an article that I had read, musculoskeletal system appraisal is foremost started with current ailments of the patient. In footings of if he/she has joint, muscular, skeletal ailments, hurt or back hurting. The wellness history of the patient is reviewed, compromised of past history – injury: nervousnesss, articulations, castanetss, soft tissue, surgery on bone or joint, skeletal malformations, and chronic unwellness, household history – inborn abnormalcies or familial upsets, present unwellness, and personal and societal history. Health history reappraisals are normally done in order to find the implicit in hazard factors on why the patient has the present disablement. It besides give cognition to the wellness squad member that will execute the trial the extent of physical appraisal he/she will execute to the patient in order to forestall any farther complications if the patient has any unwellness that he/she ca n't make in holding the appraisal. In readying for this, equipments – tegument marker pens, tape step and goniometer ( to mensurate joint angles ) are needed to execute the appraisal. The techniques normally used in cephalocaudal mode – IPPA, ROM, and musculus testing. In IPPA it is compromised of – Inspection, Palpation, Percussion and Auscultation. In review, the alliance, contour, symmetricalness, tallness and weight, gross malformation, position ( standing and sitting ) , pace and mobility ( walking and standing ) , size and form, contour and overall visual aspect of musculus mass are normally assessed with the patient. In tactual exploration, swelling, tenderness, heat, nodules, multitudes, edema are frequently examined. The scope of gesture ( ROM ) of the patient is tested if the patient can travel his/her articulations and musculus freely without the presence of hurting. The musculus strength is tested by using opposition while the patient is traveling his/her articulations and musculuss. N ormally the flexure, extension, sidelong bending, rotary motion, abduction, adduction, inversion, and eversion are normally tested in patient ‘s ROM. Physical appraisal of musculoskeletal system, are needed to cognize beforehand any unnatural status with a individual. Proper mode of appraisal should be followed in order to hold an organized work and accurate consequences in the patient status. Always retrieve to admit patients feelings of hurting and uncomfortableness in order to forestall any farther more complications.

Diabetes Mellitus Syndrome Chronic Hyperglycemia Health And Social Care Essay

Diabetess mellitus was described more than 2000 old ages ago, one time regarded as a individual entity disease impacting persons of higher socio economic strata but now even the person of lower economic strata are besides affected. It is a disease characterized by a province of hyperglycaemia ensuing from diversenesss of etiologies, environmental and familial playing jointly. By definition, diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia and perturbation of saccharides, protein and fat metamorphosis associated with absolute or comparative lack in insulin secernment and action. Harmonizing to WHO, there are two chief types of diabetes mellitus ie insulin dependant diabetes mellitus ( type I ) and non insulin dependant diabetes mellitus ( type II ) . Type II diabetes mellitus is a syndrome holding heterogenous and is associated with hazard of figure of complication like neurological, cardiovascular, nephritic, optic and musculoskeletal jobs. Out of these neurological and cardiovascular systems are normally affected. Diabetess is systemic upset of energy metamorphosis in which hyperglycaemia is the cellular opposition to the consequence of insulin or both. Diabetes affects both the cardinal and peripheral nervous system. Diabetic neuropathies are a household of nervus upset caused by diabetes. Peoples with diabetes can develop nervus harm throughout the organic structure. About 60 to 70 per centum of people with diabetes have some signifier of neuropathy. Peoples with diabetes can develop nerve jobs at any clip, but hazard rises with age and longer continuance of diabetes for more than 5 old ages. They appear to be more common in people who have jobs commanding their blood glucose besides called blood sugar. Type II diabetes is the most common signifier of diabetes and normally appears in center aged grownups. Approximately 60-70 % of type II persons develop diabetic neuropathy. It is frequently associated with fleshiness and may be delayed or controlled with diet and exercising. Diabetic neuropathy appears to be more common in people over 45 – 55 old ages of age. Causes: – Prolonged exposure to high blood sugar ( glucose ) can damage delicate nervus fibres, doing diabetic neuropathy. High blood glucose interferes with the ability of the nervousnesss to convey signals. It besides weakens the walls of the little blood vass that supply the nervousnesss with O and foods. Metabolic factors, such as high blood glucose, long continuance of diabetes and perchance low degrees of insulin. Neurovascular factors, taking to damage to the blood vass that carry O and foods to nervousnesss. Autoimmune factors that cause redness in nervousnesss. Clinical characteristics: – Functional instability Deep hurting most normally in the pess and legs Numbness Muscle failing Loss of sense of warm or cold Based on this Clinical characteristic that is functional instability, capable were evaluated with berg balance graduated table, incorporating 14 balance undertakings. Balance preparation to be an effectual agencies of forestalling falls in patients with diabetic neuropathy.1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThis is a survey on the effectivity of balance exercising in bettering balance in patients with diabetic neuropathy.1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo happen out the effectivity of balance exercising in diabetic neuropathy patients1.3 NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYDiabetic neuropathy or nervus harm is a reasonably common diabetes related complication, approximately 60 % of individuals with diabetes have some grade of neuropathy and it is portion of regular tests and showings in individuals with diabetes about all individuals with diabetes will finally hold some signifier of neuropathy. Complication from neuropathy can run from mild to severe symptoms can include buzzing, firing o r prickling paraesthesia in the pess and increased hazard of falling. In this survey Berg balance graduated table was used to mensurate balance by measuring the public presentation of functional undertakings. This survey measure the effectivity of balance exercising to better balance in patients with diabetic neuropathy.1.4 HYPOTHESISNULL HYPOTHESISThere is no important difference in giving balance exercising to diabetic neuropathy patient.ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESISThere is important difference in giving balance exercising to diabetic neuropathic patient.1.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSDIABETIC NEUROPATHY:Diabetic neuropathies are a household of nervus upsets that are associated with diabetes mellitus. These conditions are thought to ensue from diabetic micro vascular hurt affecting little blood vass that supply nervousnesss. Neuropathy is a nervus upset that consequences in deformation of nervus map.TYPE II DIABETES:Diabetess mellitus type II once called non insulin dependant diabetes mellitus or grownup oncoming diabetes is a upset that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin opposition and comparative insulin lack. It is a chronic disease characterized by high degrees of sugar in the blood. It develops when your organic structure does non react right to insulin.Balances:The ability to aline organic structure sections against gravitation to keep or travel the organic structure ( centre of mass ) within the available base of support without falling.2.REVIEW OF LITERATUREa ) Reappraisal of literature related to diabetic neuropathyRENUKA DHARMADHIKARI ( 2007 )Mellitus is a common disease in people with about 50 % of type 2 diabetic patients being over 45 to 55 old ages of age. Insulin opposition is common in people, with big Numberss besides have impaired insulin secernment. Exercise with a peculiar accent on balance and stableness is an of import constituent of the direction and intervention of diabetic neuropathy patients.D. FEEDLE, G. CUCINOTTA, DA GREENE ( 2005 )A common complication of diabetics called neuropathy was determined in diabetic patients recruited from 109 out diabetic clinics. An i ncreased consciousness of the high prevalence of neuropathy can take to early curative intercession and possible bar of ulterior neuropathic complication such as infection and pes ulcer.ALI CIMBIZ, OZGE ( 2004 )Diabetic neuropathy disturbed particularly the balance on the dominant leg. Done with 60 voluntary grownups of both sexes from Kuhatya, Turkey were divided in to two groups. A type 2 diabetic neuropathic group ( DG ) and a non diabetic control group ( CG ) . The CG was selected to fit the diabetic features such as age, organic structure mass and sex. Standing on dominant, non dominant leg and functional range were used for the appraisal.STEFANO BALDUCCIAN, GIAN LUCA, LEOLCA PARISIC ( 2004 )Exercise preparation can modify the natural history of diabetic neuropathy. This survey suggests for the first clip that long clip exercising preparation can forestall the oncoming or modify the natural history of diabetic neuropathy.MARK J BROWN, JOHN R. MARTIN, ARTHUR K, ASBURY ( 1996 )Di abetic patients whose neuropathy was characterized by hurting and autonomic disfunction with loss of balance and saving of musculus stretch physiological reactions.YASUDA H DYCK P ( 1987 )Hypothesized that neuropathy consequences from diseased developments in the little vass in diabetes by the observation of thickener of the walls of endoneurial capillaries in the nervus of diabetic patients as a consequence of an accretion of periodic Acid Schiff.B ) Reappraisal of literature related to balance and diabetic neuropathyANN V. SCHWARTZ AND TERESA A. HILLIER ( 2001 )Peoples with diabetic had increased hazard of falling in their survey conducted in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Postural stableness is the of import factor to keep the balance which reduces the hazard of autumn. Diabetic neuropathy topics may lose their Centre of force per unit area information for commanding postural sway in stance stage of pace.HORAK FBB, DICKSTERIN R AND PETERCA R.J. ( 1998 )Concluded that diabetic patients with neuropathy show higher scope and root mean square value compared with those of control topics and diabetic patients with out neuropathy quiet standing balance was investigated in 24 diabetic patients with or with out neuropathy with eyes opened and eyes closed.DANIK LAFOND, HELENE CORIVEA AND FRANCIOS PRINCE ( 1998 )Motor schemes at the mortise joint articulation are altered in diabetic neuropathy patients in his work subjected for postural control mechanism during quiet standing in patients with diabetic neuropathy.BEVERLEIGH H PIEPERSA ( 1996 )Many as one in two people with type 2 diabetes finally develops a status of chronic nervus harm in their pess known as diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic are at greater hazards for falls when they have fewer centripetal inputs to counterbalance for the loss of experiencing in their pess. Closing your eyes, or walking a across a dark room will ensue in more falls. Even standing on one pes is harder for a diabetic to make with their eyes closed, but easier if eyes are unfastened.TABASSOM GHANAVATI, ALI ASGHAR ARASTOO: ( 1995 )Diabetic neuropathy patients seems to do postural instability which may impact quality of maps and activities of day-to-day life of these patients.ROTHWELL ( 1994 )Ocular vestibular and proprioceptive subsystem response to somewhat different perturbation in balance. The visuo spinal system controls both inactive and faster inputs with proprioceptive system which is besides Sensitive to faster stimulation.LORD ET.AL ( 1994 )A survey in Australia reported that hapless balance is a factor in the causal tract between diabetes and increase hazard of falling. Thus the persons with diabetes had increased organic structure sway.degree Celsius ) Review of literature related to consequence of exercising programme on balance upsetEMILY SPLICHAL: ( 1996 )Diabetic neuropathy causes loss of distal strength and esthesis. Research has shown that diabetics with neuropathy are 15 times more likely to descri be falling or faltering in a one twelvemonth period. Research has proven balance preparation to be an effectual agencies of forestalling falls in patient with diabetic neuropathy. All balance exercising can be done in a patient place with small or no equipment.RICHARDSON J.K, SANDMAN D, VELA S.A ( 1995 )Focused exercising regimen improves Clinical steps of balance in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Participants are 20 topics with diabetes mellitus and diagnostically confirmed patient. Ten subjects underwent a 3 hebdomad intercession exercising regimen designed to increase quickly available distal strength and balance. The other 10 topics performed a control exercising regimen. The intercession topics but non the control subjects, showed important betterment in all 3 clinical steps of balance that is impedal stance clip, Functional range and tandem stance clip.vitamin D ) Review of literature related to berg balance graduated tableTRINA SMITH ( 2005 )Berg Balance Scale used to qua ntify the balance of patients with diabetic neuropathy. Twenty one female and five males were selected. Participants completed each balance trial one time during 2 testing Sessionss for that inter rates dependability was good for the BBS. The balance trial showed moderate to good dependability for this population. The BBS appear to be valid steps of motor ability to keep balance.GATEV ( 1999 )Balance trials have been developed and presented to obtain appropriate information of balance measuring. The choice of mensurating clip and stance conditions is indispensableALEXANDER ( 1996 )Balance trial have been developed and presented to obtain appropriate information of balance capablenesss during standing. Functional balance graduated tables are easy to execute and suitable for daily clinical usage that give more elaborate information about balance.BEIG ETAL ( 1995 )Berg Balance Scale in patients with damage of balance. It is a staff completed assessment graduated table of ability to kee p balance either statistically or while executing assorted functional motions to assist do determinations about the patients equilibrate degree, comprises 14 discernible undertakings common to every twenty-four hours life.3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY3.1 REASEARCH DESIGNThis survey belongs to experimental design.3.2 Variables USED IN THE STUDY3.2.1 Independent variablesBalance exercising Medical intervention3.2.2 Dependent variableBalance3.3 Setting OF THE STUDY:Physiotherapy Rehabilitation Centre, Kannur3.4 CRITERIA FOR SELECTIONInclusion standardsDiabetess with a continuance of more than 5 old ages Type 2 diabetes with diagnosed neuropathy Persons between the age group of 45-55 old ages were selected. Both males and females wee included in this survey. Patients who reported atleast one autumn in the past 6 monthsExclusion standardsLower appendage amputation Patients with inability to walk without any assistive devices Patients with musculoskeletal damage Patients with neurological damage Diabetess with any other systemic engagement3.5 SAMPLE POPULATION30 Capable and 15 in each group3.6 METHOD OF SAMPLINGRandom Sampling Technique.3.7 METHODOLOGY30 Subjects are selected and divided in to two groups The process was explained to subject. GROUP A: Balance exercising with medical intervention GROUP B: Medical intervention3.8 Materials USEDRuler Two standard chairs ( one with a arm rests, one without ) Foot stool Stop ticker or carpus ticker Berg balance graduated table Outcome measuring by utilizing Berg Balance graduated table3.9 DURATION OF THE STUDY:Four hebdomads3.10 ProcedureThe topics were given balance exercising like inactive and dynamic exercising for five yearss for four hebdomads. Entire intervention clip was 60 proceedingss /session/ twenty-four hours with 5 minute remainder after every 15 proceedingss.Balance exercisingImprove balance by executing simple balance exercising. The individual leg stance is a really effectual exercising for bettering balance. This exercising can be modified balance stableness. The exercisings are categorized in to two different types inactive and dynamic of balance preparation.Inactive exercisingToe base Tandum base One – legged base Heel baseDynamic exercising in walkingToe walk Tandum forward walk Heel walk Tandum backward walk1. Toe base†¢ Stand about one and a half pess off from the counter. †¢ Raise up every bit high as possible on the balls of your pess. Your pess should be shoulder width apart. †¢ Try to remain every bit still as possible. Make non travel your pess around to keep balance. †¢ Hold the toe base for 10 seconds. Rest. Repeat 5 times.2. Tandem Stand†¢ Stand about one and a half pess off from the counter. †¢ Place one pes straight in forepart of the other pes so that the heel of one pes is merely touching the toes of the other pes. †¢ Try to remain every bit still as possible. Make non travel your pess around to keep balance. †¢ Hold the tandem base for 10 seconds. Rest. Repeat 5 times.3. One-legged BaseStand about one and a half pess off from the counter. Slowly lift one leg off of the floor, while keeping your balance with the other leg. Try to remain every bit still as possible. Make non travel your pes around to keep balance. Keep the one-legged base for 10 seconds. Rest. Repeat with other leg 5 times.4. Heel StandStand about one and a half pess off from the counter. Raise up every bit high as possible on the heels of your pess. Your pess should be shoulder width apart. Try to remain every bit still as possible. Make non travel your pess around to keep balance. Keep the heel base for 10 seconds. Rest. Repeat 5 times.Dynamic exercising1. Toe walki »? †¢ Go to one terminal of a hall and easy raise up every bit high as you can onto your toes. Walk down the hall on your toes. †¢ When you reach the other side, come down onto your pess and stand usually. †¢ Rest. Repeat 5 times.2. i »? Tandem Forward WalkTravel to one terminal of a hall and topographic point one pes in forepart of the other so that the heel of one pes touches the toes of the other pes. Walk down the hall in a tandem walk. It is of import that with each measure the heel of one pes touches the toes of the other. If you make a error, merely topographic point one pes in forepart of the other and go on down the hall. When you reach the other side stand usually. Rest. Repeat 5 times.3. Heel WalkTravel to one terminal of a hall and easy raise up every bit high as you can onto your heels. Walk down the hall on your heels. When you reach the other side come down onto your pess and stand usually. Rest. Repeat 5 times.4. i »? Tandem Backward WalkTravel to one terminal of a hall and topographic point one pes behind the other pes so that the heel of one pes touches the toes of the other pes. Walk down the hall in a backward tandem walk. It is of import that with each measure the toes on one pes touch the heel of the other. If you make a error, merely topographic point one pes behind the other and go on down the hall. When you reach the other side, stand usually. Rest. Repeat 5 times.i »?3.11 Measurement ToolBERG BALANCE SCALEThe Berg Balance Scale ( BBS ) was developed to mensurate balance among people with damage in balance map by measuring the public presentation of functional undertakings. It is a valid instrument used for rating of the effectivity of intercessions and for quantitative descriptions of map in clinical pattern and research. The BBS has been evaluated in several dependability surveies. 14 points scale designed to mensurate balance of the grownup in a clinical scene.4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPREATIONThe information collected was subjected to partner off ‘t ‘ trial separately for group A and group B utilizing expressions.Formula 1vitamin D = ? d/n Where, vitamin D = difference between pre trial and station trial values vitamin D = is the average value of vitamin D n = is the figure of topicsFormula 2: ( d-d ) 2 ( n -1 ) Standard divergence SD =Formula 3:Standard Error ( S.E ) = SD N ‘t ‘ calculated value = vitamin D S.EFormula 4:‘t ‘ cal = vitamin D S.E Where, t cal is the ‘t ‘ calculated value dI†¦ = mean of divergence n = entire figure of topics s = criterion divergence d? = amount of squared divergence4. Independent ‘t ‘ trialWhere S == Mean of Control group = Mean of Experimental group n1 = Number of Subjects in Control group n2 = Number of Subjects in Experimental group S = Standard Deviation Datas were collected from 30 patients analysed utilizing paired ‘t ‘ trial and Independent ‘t ‘ trial to happen out within group difference. All information was analysed utilizing SPSS version 10.0.Table 1DESCRIPTIVE DATA OF EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS.NoAgeYearSexual activityBerg Balance ScalePre-testPost trial1 48 Meter 37 47 2 50 Meter 38 45 3 46 F 36 46 4 45 F 36 45 5 49 Meter 38 47 6 48 F 35 46 7 49 Meter 37 48 8 50 Meter 37 47 9 48 F 39 48 10 48 Meter 38 47 11 47 Meter 36 46 12 50 Meter 35 46 13 49 F 38 48 14 46 Meter 35 46 15 49 Meter 39 47TABLE-11DESCRIPTIVE DATA OF CONTROL GROUPS.NoAgeYearSexual activityBerg Balance ScalePre-testPost trial1 47 Meter 38 41 2 46 Meter 38 42 3 46 Meter 36 41 4 47 F 37 37 5 48 Meter 35 37 6 49 Meter 39 42 7 48 F 39 42 8 48 F 38 40 9 50 Meter 36 39 10 49 Meter 37 40 11 46 Meter 38 41 12 45 F 37 40 13 47 Meter 36 39 14 47 F 39 42 15 49 F 37 41TABLE – II1DEMOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF SEXContentControlEXPERIMENTALMale 9 10 Female 6 5 Entire 15 15GRAPH- ISexual activity WISE DISTRIBUTION IN CONTROL GROUP AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUPThe above saloon graph shows, in control group 9 males and 6 females were selected ; and in experimental group 10 males and 5 females were selected.Table FourPRE TEST MEAN AND STD. DEVIATION OF BBS CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUPGroup N ( No. of Subjects ) Mean STD. Deviation Control 15 37.33 1.234 EXPERIMENTAL 15 36.93 1.387Table VoltPOST TEST MEAN AND STD. DEVIATION OF BBS IN CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUPGroup N ( No. of Subjects ) Mean STD. Deviation Control 15 40.27 1.67 EXPERIMENTAL 15 46.66 1.051GRAPH-IIMEAN DIFFERENCE OF BBS IN CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUPInterpretation OF DATA:Statistical ANALYSIS OF BERG BALANCE SCALE IN CONTROL GROUP USING PAIRED ‘t ‘ TrialTable — VIGROUP CONTROL Mean South dakota T DF Sig t value Bulletin board system PRE 37.3 1.234 10.33 14 2.1447 Post 40.27 1.67Interpretation-Berg Balance Scale in control group-Above tabular array shows the mean of the pre trial informations for the control group as 37.3+_1.234 ( SD ) and post trial value as 40.27 ±1..67 ( SD ) . The deliberate T value is 10.33. It indicates that there is important difference between pretest and station values of Berg Balance graduated table in control group.GRAPH-IIIMEAN DIFFERENCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF BBS IN CONTROL GROUPInterpretation of informationsStatistical analysis of Berg Balance Scale in experimental group utilizing paired ‘t ‘ trialTABLE – SevenGroupMeanS.D‘t ‘dfExperimental Pre trial 36.67 1.54 27.04 14 Post trial 46.13 1.45 Interpretation – Berg balance graduated table Above tabular array shows the mean of pre trial informations for the experimental group as 36.67 ± 1.54 ( SD ) and post trial value as 46.13 ±1.45 ( S.D ) the deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 27.04 which is greater than that of table value. It indicates that there is important difference between pre trial and station trial values of Berg balance graduated table in experimental group.i »?GRAPH- IVMEAN DIFFERENCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF BBS IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUPSTASTICAL ANALYSIS OF BERG BALANCE SCALE OF PRE TEST VALUE USING INDEPENDENT T TrialTable EightEXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP PRE TEST VALUE Mean South dakota T DF Bulletin board system EXP 36.93 1.39 1.83 28 CTRL 37.33 1.23INTERPRETATION-BERG BALANCE SCALECONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP PRETEST VALUEAbove TABLE shows the mean of pre trial informations for experimental group as 36.933  ±1.39 ( SD ) the deliberate T value is 1.8310 and command group mean 37.33 ±1.3810 and calculated T value is 1.8310 for both experimental and control group. It indicates that there is no important difference between experimental and control group.GRAPH-VMEAN DIFFERENCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF BBS IN EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP USING INDEPENDENT‘T ‘ TrialSTASTICAL ANALYSIS OF BERG BALANCE SCALEPOST TEST VALUE USING INDEPENDENT T TrialTABLE – NineEXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP POST TEST VALUE Mean South dakota T df Bulletin board system EXP 46.6 1.0521 12.6626 28 CTRL 40.27 1.6701INTERPRETATION- BERG BALANCE SCALECONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP POST TEST VALUEAbove tabular array shows the mean of station trial informations for experimental group as 46.6  ±1.058387 ( SD ) the deliberate T value is 12.6626 and command group mean 40.27 ±1.6701 and calculated T value is 12.6626 for both experimental and control group. It indicates that there is a important difference in experimental group value than control groupGRAPH-VIMEAN DIFFERENCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF BBS IN POST TEST VALUES OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP USING INDEPENDENT ‘T ‘ Trial5. ResultEffectiveness of Control Group ( Medical intervention ) While comparing the pre-test and station trial values of control group utilizing Paired ‘t ‘ trial, the deliberate T value is 10.33 whereas the tabular array value is 2.145, it states that there is important difference between the pre-test and post-test values of control group. When comparing the average values of both, the station trial mean value is 1.67 which are greater than the pre trial mean value 1.234. Hence it confirms that there is a important betterment group. Effectiveness of Experimental Group ( Balance exercising with medical intervention ) While comparing the pre-test and station trial values of experimental group utilizing Paired't ‘ trial, the deliberate value is 31.8590646 whereas the tabular array value is 2.145. Since the deliberate value is more than the critical value, it states that there is important difference between the pre-test and post-test values of experimental group. When comparing the average values of both, the post-test mean value 46.6 which is greater than the pre-test mean value 36.933. Hence it confirms that there is a important betterment in post-test experimental group than pre trial experimental group.6. DiscussionDiabetess Mellitus is a Chronic status which encroaches about all the systems in the organic structure. Diabetic neuropathy is a complication of long standing diabetes, which affects nervousnesss of the organic structure. Diabetic neuropathy can impact all the tissues and the variety meats of the organic structure. Approximately about 60-70 % of the people with diabetes suffer from neuropathy and the oncoming can be at any clip in life. The incidence of neuropathy in diabetic patients increases with the period of diabetes. This survey was an experimental attack, which studied the effectivity of balance exercising in diabetic neuropathy patients. The result was measured utilizing Berg Balance Scale. It has been shown to a valid and dependable tool for the measuring of balance by measuring the public presentation of functional undertakings. The control group was given medical intervention and the patient besides given balance exercising in experimental group. Harmonizing to Shahin Goharpey, diabetic neuropathy consequences in functional instability which cause these patients to danger of falling during activities of day-to-day life and becomes more terrible as the badness of neuropathy aggravates. Balance exercising improves clinical steps of balance in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Loss of force per unit area sensitiveness was independently associated with the hazard of falling more than one time a twelvemonth and histories for 3- 6 % of relationship between diabetes and falling. Based on above survey, the present survey concluded that balance preparation to be an effectual agencies of cut downing frequence of autumn in patients with diabetic neuropathy.MechanismThe mechanism by which balance preparation affect the balance of diabetic neuropathy is due to, 1. During exercise whole organic structure O ingestion additions in the musculuss. 2. Addition in the concentration of Na+ / K+ adenosine triphosphatase ( ATPase ) pumps. 3. Exercise works to cut down insulin opposition which lowers blood sugar degrees. So heavy insulin opposition will set less strain on the organic structure to do insulin. 4. Exercise is helpful in keeping strength, mobility, map and besides provides stableness7. DecisionThe survey concludes that balance exercising seemed to be good in bettering balance and thereby cut downing the frequence of autumn in patients with diabetic neuropathy.LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONSRestrictionStudy was conducted for a short period of clip. The survey assessed merely short term advancement of the patients. Since survey clip was short merely limited sample since could be considered for the survey.SuggestionTo set up the efficaciousness of the intervention a big sample size survey is required. To do the consequence more valid a long term survey may be carried out. The same survey can be done by modifying the exercising by increasing the complexness. The same survey can be done by increasing the exercising by its repeats. The same survey can be carried out in males and females individually.

Complete Guide to the Denisovans, Newer Hominid Species

Complete Guide to the Denisovans, Newer Hominid Species The Denisovans are a recently identified hominin species, related to but different from the other two hominid species (early modern humans and Neanderthals) who shared our planet during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods. Archaeological evidence of the existence of Denisovans is so far limited, but genetic evidence suggests they were once widespread across Eurasia and interbred with both Neanderthals and modern humans. Key Takeaways: Denisovans Denisovan is the name of a hominid distantly related to Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans.Discovered by genomic research in 2010 on bone fragments from Denisova Cave, SiberiaEvidence is primarily genetic data from the bone and modern humans who carry the genes  Ã‚  Positively associated with the gene which allows humans to live at high altitudesA right mandible was found in a cave in the Tibetan Plateau The earliest remains were tiny fragments found in the Initial Upper Paleolithic layers of Denisova Cave, in the northwestern Altai Mountains some four miles (six kilometers) from the village of Chernyi Anui in Siberia, Russia. The fragments held DNA, and the sequencing of that genetic history  and the discovery of remnants of those genes in modern human populations  has important implications for the human habitation of our planet. Denisova Cave The first remains of the Denisovans were two teeth and a small fragment of finger-bone from Level 11 at Denisova Cave, a level dated between 29,200 to 48,650 years ago. The remains contain a variant of initial Upper Paleolithic cultural remains found in Siberia called Altai. Discovered in 2000, these fragmentary remains have been the target of molecular investigations since 2008. The discovery came after researchers led by Svante Pbo at the Neanderthal Genome Project at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology successfully completed the first mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence of a Neanderthal, proving that Neanderthals and early modern humans are not very closely related at all. In March 2010, Pbos team reported the results of the examination of one of the small fragments, a phalanx (finger bone) of a child aged between 5 and 7, found within Level 11 of Denisova Cave. The mtDNA signature from the phalanx from Denisova Cave was significantly different from both Neanderthals or early modern humans (EMH). A complete mtDNA analysis of the phalanx was reported in December of 2010, and it continued to support the identification of the Denisovan individual as separate from both Neanderthal and EMH. Pbo and colleagues believe that the mtDNA from this phalanx is from a descendant of people who left Africa a million years after Homo erectus, and half a million years before the ancestors of Neanderthals and EMH. Essentially, this tiny fragment is evidence of human migration out of Africa that scientists were completely unaware of before this discovery. The Molar The mtDNA analysis of a molar from Level 11 in the cave and reported in December 2010 revealed that the tooth was likely from a young adult of the same hominid as the finger bone and clearly a different individual since the phalanx is from a child. The tooth is an almost complete left and probably third or second upper molar, with bulging lingual and buccal walls, giving it a puffy appearance. The size of this tooth is well outside the range for most Homo species. In fact, it is closest in size to Australopithecus. It is absolutely not a Neanderthal tooth. Most importantly, the researchers were able to extract DNA from the dentin within the root of the tooth, and preliminary results reported its identification as a Denisovan. The Culture of the Denisovans What we know about the culture of the Denisovans is that it was apparently not much different from other Initial Upper Paleolithic populations in the Siberian north. The stone tools in the layers in which the Denisovan human remains were located are a variant of Mousterian, with the documented use of parallel reduction strategy for the cores, and a large number of tools formed on large blades. Decorative objects of bone, mammoth tusk, and fossilized ostrich shell were recovered from the Denisova Cave, as were two fragments of a stone bracelet made of dark green chlorite. The Denisovan levels contain the earliest use of an eyed-bone needle known in Siberia to date. Genome Sequencing In 2012, Pbos team reported the mapping of the complete genome sequencing of the tooth. Denisovans, like modern humans today, apparently share a common ancestor with Neanderthals  but had a completely different population history. While Neanderthal DNA is present in all populations outside of Africa, Denisovan DNA is only found in modern populations from China, island Southeast Asia, and Oceania. According to the DNA analysis, the families of present-day human and Denisovans split apart about 800,000 years ago  and then reconnected some 80,000 years ago. Denisovans share the most alleles with Han populations in southern China, with Dai in northern China, and with Melanesians, Australian aborigines, and southeast Asian islanders. The Denisovan individuals found in Siberia carried genetic data that matches that of modern humans and is associated with dark skin, brown hair and brown eyes. Tibetans, Denisovan DNA, and Xiahe Looking through the entire Jiangla River Valley at the upper reach of the valley. Biashiya Karst Cave is at the end of the valley. Dongju Zhang, Lanzhou University A DNA study published by population geneticist Emilia Huerta-Sanchez and colleagues in the journal  Nature  focused on the genetic structure of people who live on the Tibetan Plateau at 4,000 meters above sea level  and discovered that Denisovans may have contributed to the Tibetan ability to live at high altitudes. The gene EPAS1 is a mutation which reduces the amount of hemoglobin in blood required for people to sustain and thrive at high altitudes with low oxygen. People who live at lower altitudes adapt to low-oxygen levels at high altitudes by increasing the amount of hemoglobin in their systems, which in turn increases the risk of cardiac events. But Tibetans are able to live at higher elevations without increased hemoglobin levels. The scholars sought for donor populations for EPAS1 and found an exact match in Denisovan DNA. Denisova Cave is only about 2,300 feet above sea level; the Tibetan Plateau averages 16,400 ft asl. A team led by paleontologist Jean-Jacques Hublin (Chen 2019) searched through archived Tibetan paleontological remains and identified a mandible which had been discovered in Baishiya Karst Cave, Xiahe, Gansu province, China in 1980. The Xiahe mandible is 160,000 years old and it represents the earliest known hominin fossil found on the Tibetan Plateau- the caves elevation is 10,700 ft asl. Although no DNA remained in the Xiahe mandible itself, there was extant proteome in the dentine of the teeth- albeit highly degraded, it was still clearly distinguishable from contaminating modern proteins. A proteome is the set of all expressed proteins in a cell, tissue, or organism; and the observed state of a particular single amino acid polymorphisms within the Xiahe proteome helped establish the identification of the Xiahe as Denisovan. The scholars believe that this human adaptation to extraordinary environments may have been facilitated by gene flow from Denisovans who had adapted to the cl imate first. Now that researchers have an indication of what Denisovan jaw morphology looks like, it will be easier to identify possible Denisovan candidates. Chen et al. also suggested two more East Asian bones which fit the morphology and time frame of Xiahe cave, Penghu 1 and Xuijiayo. Family Tree When anatomically modern humans left Africa about 60,000 years ago, the regions they arrived in were already populated: by Neanderthals, earlier Homo species, Denisovans and possibly Homo floresiensis. To some degree, the AMH interbred with these other hominids. The most current research indicates that all of the hominid species are descended from the same ancestor, a hominin in Africa; but the exact origins, dating, and spread of hominids throughout the world was a complex process that needs much more research to identify. Research studies led by Mondal et al. (2019) and Jacobs et al. (2019) have established that modern populations containing admixtures of Denisovan DNA are found throughout Asia and Oceania, and it is becoming clear that interbreeding between anatomically modern humans and Denisovans and Neanderthals occurred several times over the course of our history on planet earth. Selected Sources rnason, Úlfur. The Out of Africa Hypothesis and the Ancestry of Recent Humans: Cherchez La Femme (Et Lhomme). Gene 585.1 (2016): 9–12. Print.Bae, Christopher J., Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. On the Origin of Modern Humans: Asian Perspectives. Science 358.6368 (2017). Print.Chen, Fahu, et al. A Late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan Mandible from the Tibetan Plateau. Nature  (2019). Print.Douka, Katerina, et al. Age Estimates for Hominin Fossils and the Onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565.7741 (2019): 640–44. Print.Garrels, J. I. Proteome. Encyclopedia of Genetics. Eds. Brenner, Sydney and Jefferey H. Miller. New York: Academic Press, 2001. 1575–78. PrintHuerta-Sanchez, Emilia, et al. Altitude Adaptation in Tibetans Caused by Introgression of Denisovan-Like DNA. Nature 512.7513 (2014): 194–97. Print.Jacobs, Guy S., et al. Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in Papuans. Cell 177.4 (2019): 1010–21.e32. P rint.Mondal, Mayukh, Jaume Bertranpetit, and Oscar Lao. Approximate Bayesian Computation with Deep Learning Supports a Third Archaic Introgression in Asia and Oceania. Nature Communications 10.1 (2019): 246. Print. Slon, Viviane, et al. The Genome of the Offspring of a Neanderthal Mother and a Denisovan Father. Nature 561.7721 (2018): 113–16. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. A Fourth Denisovan Individual. Science Advances 3.7 (2017): e1700186. Print.

Free Essays on Bastard Out Of Carolina

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines moral as â€Å"conforming to a standard of right behavior and or being capable of right and wrong action† (481). Yet who is to say what actions are perceived as either right or wrong? Is someone who discovers that too little was taken out of his or her paycheck for federal taxes an immoral person just because they do not report it? A percentage of people would answer yes to this question, while others would disagree and say that â€Å"they caught a break†. Some people would say that a woman who has an abortion is immoral, while others would contend that it is her right to choose. These are just a few examples of how people’s opinions can differ on what it is right and wrong. Yet most people can agree that the behavior exhibited by characters in Dorothy Allison’s Bastard Out of Carolina, can at best be described as questionable. The character whose morals are obviously the most twisted, so much so that he comes across as malicious and evil, is Glen Waddell. He constantly lets his temper get the best of him, causing violent outbursts in the workplace that cost him numerous jobs. However, this is nothing compared to the mental and physical torment that he inflicts on Bone. He starts this method of abuse by sexually molesting Bone when she is nine years old in the parking lot of the hospital where her mother is giving birth (46-47). It then escalates into his constantly telling her that she is good for nothing and beating her for the most minor infractions (234). After years of this abuse the violence comes to its peak with a horrifying and brutal rape in which he tells Bone that he prayed for her to die and he would kill her if Anney did not come back to him (283). Anyone who can say that this is a man of sound mind should be locked in a cell along with him. Another character in the novel whose morals seem unintelligible is Bone’s mother Anney Boatwright. The ambiguity of her mora... Free Essays on Bastard Out Of Carolina Free Essays on Bastard Out Of Carolina The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines moral as â€Å"conforming to a standard of right behavior and or being capable of right and wrong action† (481). Yet who is to say what actions are perceived as either right or wrong? Is someone who discovers that too little was taken out of his or her paycheck for federal taxes an immoral person just because they do not report it? A percentage of people would answer yes to this question, while others would disagree and say that â€Å"they caught a break†. Some people would say that a woman who has an abortion is immoral, while others would contend that it is her right to choose. These are just a few examples of how people’s opinions can differ on what it is right and wrong. Yet most people can agree that the behavior exhibited by characters in Dorothy Allison’s Bastard Out of Carolina, can at best be described as questionable. The character whose morals are obviously the most twisted, so much so that he comes across as malicious and evil, is Glen Waddell. He constantly lets his temper get the best of him, causing violent outbursts in the workplace that cost him numerous jobs. However, this is nothing compared to the mental and physical torment that he inflicts on Bone. He starts this method of abuse by sexually molesting Bone when she is nine years old in the parking lot of the hospital where her mother is giving birth (46-47). It then escalates into his constantly telling her that she is good for nothing and beating her for the most minor infractions (234). After years of this abuse the violence comes to its peak with a horrifying and brutal rape in which he tells Bone that he prayed for her to die and he would kill her if Anney did not come back to him (283). Anyone who can say that this is a man of sound mind should be locked in a cell along with him. Another character in the novel whose morals seem unintelligible is Bone’s mother Anney Boatwright. The ambiguity of her mora...

4 Interview Mistakes Youre Making That Make You Seem Unqualified

4 Interview Mistakes Youre Making That Make You Seem Unqualified Job interviews are often your best chance of showing that you are the right person for the job. But even if you have all of the ideal experience and talent, if you make a big misstep in the interview, you’ll be passed over for someone else- even if that someone is slightly less qualified than you are. Here are the top 4 mistakes to avoid making. Make sure you don’t give the wrong impression to your interviewer and end up looking less qualified than you actually are!1. Admitting your nervesYou might think that saying you’re sooooo nervous might make you look human and sincere, and while it might be endearing in another social situation, it’s not a very good strategy for interviewing. Remember, you’re supposed to be showing yourself in the most professional, calm-under-pressure, capable light. Besides, if you’re so nervous at the interview, it gives them the chance to imagine you being nervous in the office. Keep calm and fake confidence!2. Not preparingMake sure that you know who is interviewing you, what their role is, what the company does, what you’d be doing- all the basics. Then make sure you have a list of questions ready for when you’re asked what questions you might have. (Then make sure not to ask any of your questions that could be answered by a quick Google). Basically, do your homework. It really shows when you don’t.3. One word answersNo matter how simple the question seems, you should be prepared to elaborate. Remember, every question is a chance for you to shine. Also to cram in details and anecdotes about how much butt you kicked at your last job. Get your selling points across!4. Not asking questionsThat whole â€Å"Do you have any questions for us?† question is not a formality. This is another opportunity for you to go above and beyond- or to fall flat. Make sure, as above, not to ask any questions that could have been answered by doing your proper homework. Be as prepared an d as confident and comfortable as possible and it will feel more like a conversation. Try to come up with interesting, engaging questions in advance that ideally show off the level of preparation you’ve put into your interview.

The Tradition of Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Tradition of Judaism - Essay Example The family has a meal featuring traditional food and wine. The purpose of the ritual to remind people that when God created the Universe in seven days, He devoted a whole day to resting and so should the Jews. I learned that people who adhere to the religious tradition of Judaism tend to perform this ritual on a weekly basis, namely every sun set of Friday and up to the sun set of Saturday. As I have previously noticed, the wife is responsible for lighting up the candles and saying the blessing. Then, the father of the family says all the required prayers and the people are able to have dinner and celebrate Shabbat. It is beyond any doubt that this particular ritual preaches the need of the people to adhere to the religious tradition of Judaism and devote an entire day of the week free from daily routine and contemplating about what really matters in life, namely their relationship with God. There are different methods of praying that are used during this ritual: the words of prayers are pronounced first by the woman and then all the prayers are chanted by a man. In addition to that, people are required to direct their mind to various religious matters so that it would not stray away from the ritual. Speaking of the body placement during the Shabbat, it is a tradition to remain standing while all the major prayers and blessings are performed which shows that the people feel respect for the moment. What is really interesting is that there is a certain function reserved for women during Shabbat: they not only light up the candles but also prepare the meals for the dinner, which puts a lot of responsibility on them.

THE ACCOUNT CYCLE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

THE ACCOUNT CYCLE - Research Paper Example This is done so that non-accounting professional would be able to comprehend the journal entries themselves and to make it easier for them to read the financial records. As soon as these transactions take place, they are recorded in the day books or books of prime entry. After a predetermined interval, the balances in the books of prime of entry are summed up and posted to ledger accounts. These ledger accounts are generally prepared in T-form, each having a debit and credit side. There are five categories of accounts, which include: assets, liabilities, revenues, expense and capital. There are also separate journals for each category for accounts. They include general journal, purchase ledger and sales ledger. The balances of these ledgers appear either on debit or credit side based on the type of accounts. Capital account usually has a credit balance. Similarly, liabilities and revenue accounts have credit balances, whereas expense and asset accounts have debit balances. However, t he main task of accountants is to determine the type of entry and determine the double entry accounts that are going to be used in each transaction. Sometimes, whenever accountants forget to make a double-entry of a transaction, they can still reconcile the accounts at a later date using the available records. At the end of the period, all the accounts, which are made in T form are balanced. The balance of each of these accounts is then posted to trial balance. The accounts having a debit balance is posted on debit side of a trial balance, whereas accounts having credit balance is entered on the credit side of the trial balance. Accounts which have equal debits and credit and there is no balance are ignored and not posted in trial balance. At the end of the period ending and closing entries are recorded in the journal format and then posted to the trial balance to prepare the adjusted trial balance. This is done to give a better picture of a business transaction.

Politcal Science 240 Comparision Report Canada Essay

Politcal Science 240 Comparision Report Canada - Essay Example hough the Aboriginal people originally inhabited the country, the eastern region Canada was a French settlement for more than a century before the white man discovered it. In the late eighteenth and nineteenth century, the country received most of its immigrants from Britain and the United States where some of the people who settled from the US were called Loyalists since they were loyal to the interests of the British. By the late 1800, the country had a countrywide railway system that was able to transport settlers who had European origins and most of these settlers were the underprivileged or those running away from religious or political persecution. Nonetheless, particular groups of immigrants, such as the Jewish were subsequently denied entry into Canada during the consequent world wars as well as the Great Depression. However, since the late sixties, a greater part of the country has developed more tolerance in accepting more political refugees and immigrants from different countries all over the globe. Canada experienced a return of prosperity after World War Two as a result of the continued Liberal governments that allowed national policies to address social welfare such as universal health care, pensions for the older members of the population as well as for the veterans. The financial crisis associated with the Great Depression, along with the extensive corruption in the country, had resulted I the people of Newfoundland relinquishing responsible government 1n1934 making the country a crown colony under the rule of a British governor. Success was restored when the United States military came in with more than ten thousand soldiers together with massive investments in various bases. Popular sentiments started to favour the United States and this alarmed the Canadian government, which wanted the Newfoundland to enter into a confederation rather than joining the United States. In 1948, the people of Newfoundland were given three referendum choices by the

Reading and Writing Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading and Writing Skills - Essay Example The book "Rereading America† was very helpful to me. The essay â€Å"Learning to read† by Malcolm X was very inspiring. Malcolm X explained how he learned to read despite the challenging conditions he faced in life. I liked the way he struggled to learn how to read and write. He claimed, â€Å"I had commanded attention when I said something. But now, trying to write simple English, I not only wasn’t articulate, I wasn’t even functional†.His struggle in jail as he tried to learn how to read and write was a great challenge to me. At least, I had helpful and understanding lecturers, friends, as well as useful reading and writing materials. At first, he started by copying everything in the first page of the book he got into his tablet, including the punctuation marks. He went on copying the contents of the dictionary in his tablet, and after some time, he started making meaningful progress. He claimed that after so much practice in writing, he gained up writing speed. I have copied the same idea and I write a lot to improve my writing skills. I believe that I have learned a lot of writing skills. The only challenging part is that I have not yet gained the full understanding of all the vocabulary in the English world. I still need more work to understand the underlying meanings of some of the complicated words. The essay by Jonathan Kozol â€Å"Still ‘separate, still unequal† was the most challenging piece of reading, yet most educative.... The essay by Jonathan Kozol â€Å"Still ‘separate, still unequal† was the most challenging piece of reading, yet most educative. It is undeniable that Kozol gave an extensive research on the status of education in America by exploring the different society issues which affect the education system. Most of his facts in the essay were illustrated with statistical figures. I learned that in order to make a strong point and to be convictive to the readers, facts represented using statistical figures could be very efficient. It is true that the education system in America is changing for the better, but for the times of Kozol, things were out of proportion. He claimed, â€Å"Even these statistics, as stark as they are, cannot begin to convey how deeply isolated children in the poorest and most segregated sections of these cities have become† (Colombo, Cullen & Lisle, 2010, p. 219). The piece of work really developed the title of his work. Indeed, he presented the image of the society just the way it was. Racial segregation and discrimination were the most difficult society issues at the time. Perhaps, the same still remains in some regions. The most luxurious privatized learning institutions serve the whites, whereas the low-end learning institutions serve the less privileged black Americans in the American society. Although the learning environments may be different, I have learned from Malcolm X that determination is what matters most. It is possible to go to privatized luxurious institution and fail or attend a low-class learning institution and become successful depending on your attitude, focus, and commitment to education. I read this essay several times and I feel that it

Community Health Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Community Health Assessment - Assignment Example Cambridge Health Alliance (CHA) activities enhance health by collaboratively addressing community health needs. In Cambridge, there exist a strongly established healthcare tradition, community partners, providers and individuals focused at meeting the local healthcare needs. Cambridge is a home to several distinguished hospitals that are ranked top nationally. Medical practitioners occasionally react to quality reports with some bit of suspicion, concerning efforts to estimate quality as thinly cloaked efforts at marketing or cost reduction. Skepticism concerning quality reports is fostered by confusion arising from many report cards, which usually present a bunch of related clinical feedback combined with steps highlighting the use of resources. Nonetheless, medical practitioners should acknowledge the necessity for quality measurement in the United States healthcare. With several facts that accompanied the project, it was not all that easy to access the health facility in terms of gaining access to their medical records as well as gain some information that they felt would expose them to security threats. Organizing the interviewees also posed some challenges since some were not ready to openly share whatever they had in mind regarding their community. Being that some facilities at the community level are situated in different locations, it was a task that involved a lot of movement in order to fill some variables. In the event of moving up and down, time was a factor that saw several days elapse since some scenarios needed to be assessed while the patient visited the facility or when people visited community facilities. Accessing hospital files as well was an issue since it needed the attention of the facility staff to aid in retrieving and accessing the relevant files. Some conclusions that were to be made based on observation were very hard to determine since the respondents themselves did not have

Erick Erikson Stage 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Erick Erikson Stage 8 - Essay Example In the art of making up a balance between these two forces, there arises a psychosocial vacuum. It is from this point of view that Erikson developed his theory. He believed that the ego exists all through a lifetime (Bee, 2009). He also challenged a fellow psychologist, Sigmund Freud, by noting that behavior was not all defensive. In his belief on the enormous influence of culture on behavior, he explained the interaction between the body (physiology), mind (psychology), and culture (ethos) in the process of development. Philosophically, he summed the stages into two important principles; One’s world gets bigger as they grow, and, Failure cumulates along the stages (Bee, 2009). The literature describes Erickson’s eight stages of psychological development. Infancy stage (birth to 18 months) According to Erickson theory of psychological development, first stage occurs from birth to one year or 18 months. This is a fundamental stage for child’s development. At infan cy stage, the basic conflict is between trust and mistrust, significant event at this stage is feeding. At this phase, a child develops senses of trust to their parents or caregiver, after they have shown care, reliability, or consistency, and affections. Lack in providing support, care, and reliability; will lead to a child developing senses of mistrust to people surrounding them; the guardians, caregivers, and parents (Crain, 2011). Infants are usually dependent, thus, their development of trust is ultimately based on quality and dependability to their parents or caregivers. In a successful development of child’s trust, she/he will be feeling secure and safe with the world. Caregivers and parents who are emotionally unavailable, inconsistent or unreliable, and rejecting their children, they will lead to the development in feelings of mistrust (Crain, 2011). Therefore, failure of a child to develop trust with their caregiver, will lead to believe that, the world is unpredict able and inconsistent, hence, leading to fear. At the later ages in life, child with trust will have personality of confidence or fearless while those who had mistrust will develop personality of fear. Stage two: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt It begins from 18 months to 3 years. Mobility of children was focused during development of the theory. The physical development advances, and the child try to press for their independence. Some of the common behaviors noticed are making choices on clothes to wear, picking the toys to play with, and choosing what to eat. A child in this stage tends to be autonomous or independent (Wrightsman, 2010). The child is in dire need of their parent’s support, to avoid experiencing failure. In this process, protection from constant failure and ridicule should be avoided through encouragement. Parents should not criticize their children for accidents, and failures, at the same time, not to perform every task for the child. If self- control is at tained without loss of self –esteem, then the child grows will be characterized with will as a virtue. If children are encouraged at this stage, they will become more independent and therefore, autonomy will be achieved. However, if constantly criticized, they begin to feel ashamed of their abilities, thus, developing poor self- esteem and later become doubtful (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2010). Stage three, pre-school (3 to 5 years) At the third stage of psychological development, it occurs between the

Community Health Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Community Health Assessment - Assignment Example Cambridge Health Alliance (CHA) activities enhance health by collaboratively addressing community health needs. In Cambridge, there exist a strongly established healthcare tradition, community partners, providers and individuals focused at meeting the local healthcare needs. Cambridge is a home to several distinguished hospitals that are ranked top nationally. Medical practitioners occasionally react to quality reports with some bit of suspicion, concerning efforts to estimate quality as thinly cloaked efforts at marketing or cost reduction. Skepticism concerning quality reports is fostered by confusion arising from many report cards, which usually present a bunch of related clinical feedback combined with steps highlighting the use of resources. Nonetheless, medical practitioners should acknowledge the necessity for quality measurement in the United States healthcare. With several facts that accompanied the project, it was not all that easy to access the health facility in terms of gaining access to their medical records as well as gain some information that they felt would expose them to security threats. Organizing the interviewees also posed some challenges since some were not ready to openly share whatever they had in mind regarding their community. Being that some facilities at the community level are situated in different locations, it was a task that involved a lot of movement in order to fill some variables. In the event of moving up and down, time was a factor that saw several days elapse since some scenarios needed to be assessed while the patient visited the facility or when people visited community facilities. Accessing hospital files as well was an issue since it needed the attention of the facility staff to aid in retrieving and accessing the relevant files. Some conclusions that were to be made based on observation were very hard to determine since the respondents themselves did not have

Healthy living Essay Example for Free

Healthy living Essay Healthy lifestyle for both adults and children is more important than anything else. Healthy lifestyle habits will reduce your risk of getting diseases; you will feel better, have more energy and prevent the risk of chronic diseases. Living healthy also helping you to feel happy and have more self confidence which results in a better quality of life . in today’s The term healthy lifestyle encompasses several factors that need to be brought together in order to gain the benefits, namely exercise, healthy eating and a body mass index (BMI) in a normal range. Healthy lifestyle, particularly for children is their insurance policy for a lifetime of good health, and as research has shown, may significantly reduce the chance of contracting chronic illnesses and diseases. Regular physical activity is important for a healthy growth, development and well-being of children, the British Heart Foundation has carried out research into the fact of living a healthy lifestyle, eating healthy can stop you gaining weight, which means reducing the risk of diabetes and high blood pressure. It can also help lower your cholesterol levels and reduce your risk of some cancers. Chronic illnesses associated with obesity, lack o exercise and a poor diet include the following * Coronary heart disease * Cancer * Stroke * Diabetes * High blood pressure (Hypertension) * Chronic Obstructive pulmonary Disease (COPD) 2. Healthy Eating along with a healthy BMI and exercise is the third element of a healthy lifestyle for children is eating a healthy diet. A healthy diet is again protective against a whole host of chronic illnesses, eating fruit and vegetables everyday helps children’s grow and develop, boosts their vitality and can reduce the risk of many chronic diseases And children are especially susceptible to behavioural problems due to deficiency of essential vitamins and minerals that are derived from the food that we eat. Educations by example in the young child greatly improve their chances of eating a wide variety of nutritious foods as they move from childhood into adolescence. Children who eat meal around the table with others are more likely to try different foods, therefore lowering the possibility of them becoming picky eaters. In order to eat healthily food should be selected from the various different groups to make up a nutritionally balanced plate. These groups are * Carbohydrates potatoes, rice, bread, pasta and other starchy food * Protein meat, eggs, fish, beans, milk, cheese, and other dairy products * Fat butter, oil, spreads * Fruit and vegetables * Sugars sugary drinks, sweets 3. Activities for young children, Regular physical activity are important for the healthy growth, development and wellbeing of children and young people Physical play and leisure activities can have a hugely positive effect on children’s healthy living. Even though IT and computer games are becoming more popular with the children instead of traditional exercises, they still need physical exercises into their everyday routines. In 2006 professors in Glasgow identified through a study of 545 nursery school children, that one hour of exercise a day was required for children to maintain a healthy BMI, in addition to eating healthy diet. Play is an essential part of a Childs development and we are focusing here particularly on the physical and mental wellbeing aspects. There are many opportunities in the local community for involving children in physical exercises for example of these * Trips to the local park * Indoor children’s play centres * Specialist activities for children at leisure and recreation centres Creative in add ion to the physical activities as a means of promoting a healthy lifestyle, cookery demonstrations and activities can have a profound effect on children encouraging them to prepare and taste healthy foods that they may not have previously been introduced to. The use of different colours and textures of food in recipes can fuel a child excitement and interest where it may not have previously been held. Games displays and the creation of posters can all assist with the promotion of a healthy lifestyle for young children. 4. Wellbeing is the state of being comfortable healthy and happy. In child it is necessary to evaluate children regularly to identify any children who may be displaying sings of emotional or social difficulties affecting their wellbeing. Children should feel comfortable enough to be able to express themselves in an environment that they perceive as positive and safe, and this should be encouraged. Wellbeing for families there are many public and private courses that run including the triple p programs (positive parents programs) which runs nationwide offering invaluable support to parents. Courses are available for different age groups of children and are delivered by experienced and appropriately trained practitioners. These courses have proved a lifeline for some parents who have been struggling in silence to conquer various emotional, physical or behavioural aspects of their children’s lives. This is a fantastic tool for improving parent’s wellbeing and offers an opportunity for parents to meet in secure non judgemental and confident environment where they can discuss their own issues that they are experiencing with practitioners and fellow parents †¦

Ethical Arguments Of Electronic Surveillance Information Technology Essay

Ethical Arguments Of Electronic Surveillance Information Technology Essay 1.1 Introduction In his dystopian masterpiece, 1984, George Orwell portrays a society in which government surveillance has become all too pervasive with nightmarish consequences. Even though Orwell never envisioned the advent of the internet and how it has become part of our daily lives, he understood the dangers of a culture of surveillance and much of what he wrote has become startlingly true. Indeed governments have moved on from traditional spying to electronic surveillance, thanks to the internet and other electronic forms of communication. Corporations too have jumped on the surveillance bandwagon, though for different purposes. This has led to ethical concerns, as illustrated in the case of the research firm Phorm. 1.2 Ethical Concerns that Could Arise Phorm is a company in the United Kingdom that developed software that allows it to monitor users online activities without their consent. This has legal ramifications as allowing such activities has caused the European Commission to investigate the UK for breaching rules pertaining to consent to interception of online transactions. However, the issue has an ethical dimension as well. Phorm has tried to justify its actions citing the benefits to customers and the companies involved. However, is it morally and ethically right for a corporation, no matter how innocent its purpose, to secretly monitor the activities of internet users without their consent? Do the advantages, both in financial and non- financial terms warrant this seeming violation of basic human rights? These are some of the ethical dilemmas posed by this case and they will be critically examined in this report. 1.3 Ethical Arguments in Support of Electronic Surveillance Corporate surveillance is a new form of surveillance by companies of people and groups. The aim is to collect data for marketing purpose which is used by the corporation itself or as in the case of Phorm, sold to third party corporations or the government (Brooks and Dunn, 2010). From the companys perspective, this is an excellent form of business intelligence as the data collected can be used to refine marketing strategies to reach the target audience. Direct marketing also employs online corporate surveillance as evidenced by Google and Yahoo (New York Times, 2007). Governments also make use of corporate surveillance data to monitor the activities of users and collect information to do profiling. The U.S. government has used this approach more often in recent years to track down terrorists, and this may be good in a sense. The ethical argument in support of this type of initiative is that it benefits various stakeholders. Electronic surveillance can improve marketing activities and this leads to more revenue which in turn benefit shareholders and the employees of the corporation that uses the services of electronic surveillance company data. Supposedly, when shareholder and employee wealth is maximized, it elevates the standard of living and thus, benefits society as a whole. True, customers are literally spied on but there is no physical damage done. Most customers are oblivious and what they do not know would not harm them. In fact, such improved marketing could even help them make better decisions when buying products and services since they will receive advertisements on things that interest them. These are some of the arguments that are used to support electronic surveillance by corporations. 1.4 Ethical Arguments Against this Type of Initiative To answer why corporate electronic surveillance is unethical and unjustifiable, we need to frame it in ethical terms. Let us look at it from the theory of consequentialism. Consequentialists are intent on maximizing the utility produced by a decision (Ermann et al, 1990). For them, the rightness of an act depends on its consequences. Consequentialism holds that an act is morally right if and only if that act maximizes the net good. In other words, an act and therefore a decision is ethical if its favourable consequences outweigh its negative consequences. Moreover, some believe that only the act that maximizes the net benefit of favourable minus the negative consequences is morally right or ethical. Philosophers also debate what consequences should be counted, how they should be counted and who deserves to be included in the set of affected stakeholders that should be considered (Brooks and Dunn, 2010). Therefore, corporate electronic surveillance is morally wrong because it does not maximize the net good. True, it may improve sales slightly if done in secret but if customers are aware that they are being spied on, they will feel violated and alienate the company altogether. Other potential customers may shy away from the company as well. In the end, such a move could seriously backfire and negatively impact shareholders. The net disadvantages dramatically outweigh the advantages. It is also illegal since such activities constitute a breach of international laws on internet privacy. Deontology is different from consequentialism in that deontologists focus on the obligations or duties motivating a decision or actions that on the consequences of the action (MacKinnon, 1998). Deontological ethics takes the position that rightness depends on the respect shown for duty, and the rights and fairness that those duties reflect. Consequently, a deontological approach raises issues relating to duties, rights and justice considerations and teaches students to use moral standards, principles and rules as a guide to making the best ethical decisions (Caroll, 1991). Deontological reasoning is largely based on the thinking of Immanuel Kant. He argued that a rational person making a decision about what would be good to do, would consider what action would be good for all members of society to do. Such an act would improve the well-being of the decision maker and the well-being of society as well. Kant began to search for an overriding principle that would guide all action an imperative that everybody should follow without exception, which could therefore be considered universal or categorical (Brooks and Dunn, 2010). His search led to what is known as Kants Categorical Imperative, which is a dominant principle or rule for deontologists. Kants principal indicates that there is a duty or imperative to always act in such a way that you can also will the maxim of your action should become a universal law (MacKinnon, 1998). This means that if you cannot will that everyone follow the same decision rule, your rule is not a moral one. As a universal principle, everyone should follow it. Moreover, the Golden Rule do unto others as you would have them do unto you would readily qualify as a universal principal (Forrester and Morrision, 1990). Using the same approach could yield a universal respect for human rights and for fair treatment of all. This can be best achieved by adopting the position that one must fulfil obligations or duties that respect moral or human rights and legal or contract rights (Flaherty, 1989). Furthermore, it can only he achieved if individuals act with enlightened self-interest rather than pure self-interest. Under enlightened self-interest, the interests of individuals are taken into account in decisions (Verschoor, 1988). They are not simply ignored or overridden. Individuals are considered ends rather than used as means to achieve an end or objective. Actions based on duty, rights and justice considerations are particularly important to professionals, directors and executives who are exp ected to fulfil the obligations of a fiduciary (Wartick and Cochran, 1985). In classical management, it has been repeatedly argued that the only fiduciary duty management owes is to the shareholders of a corporation. Thus, if activities are disadvantageous to customers, it does not matter. However, such thinking has gradually gone out of favour as corporations now realize the importance of embracing all their stakeholders (Freeman, 1984). Hence, electronic surveillance would be deemed enlightened self-interest in the old way of thinking but it is now regarded as pure self-interest. Companies that spy on customers are violating their privacy and show them no respect, which is a breach of duty of care . Electronic surveillance also goes against the Golden Rule so there is no deontological basis in support of electronic surveillance. From the above discussion, it is obvious that the arguments against electronic surveillance far outweigh those in support of it. For every argument in support, there are a few against it. Hence, corporations should stop it and use other methods that are more respectable, ethical and legal to gather marketing data. 1.5 Conclusion The ethical arguments in support of corporate electronic surveillance are scant and specious. At best, it leads to improved sales and happy shareholders but it severely undermines the basic principle of respecting the privacy of others. The right to privacy is a right to be free from certain intrusions. It is highly intrusive to have all of ones online activities monitored and used to create a database about the users likes and preferences, especially when the user is an unwilling party. From all ethical perspectives, whether utilitarian, deontological consequentialism, there is little or no basis in support of such activities. Task Two 2.1 Introduction To Phorm, its monitoring software may be a legitimate form of business. However, as a software developer, it must abide by the professional code of conduct regarding professional responsibility. The question here is whether there is a conflict of interest between its business activities and its professional responsibilities. 2.2 Conflicts with software developers professional responsibilities Software developing and engineering is a profession. As such, it has professional associations which like all other professional associations have their own code of conduct regarding professional responsibility. This is done to safeguard the reputation of the profession and to maintain the highest standards of ethics. Among the professional associations for software developers are AMC, IEEE, APEGBC and the Institute for Certification of Computing Professionals (ICCP). To be a member of these associations, one must abide by the respective code of ethics and professional responsibility. Failure to do so would result in suspension or revocation of license to practice the profession. The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice states that software developers should be committed to making the design, analysis, development, testing and maintenance of software a respected and beneficial profession and that all engineers should adhere to eight basic principles. Principle 6 relates to professional responsibility. This clearly stipulates that software developers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the profession that is consistent with the public interest. Among other things, a software developer should not promote their own interest at the expense of the profession, client or employer (6.05), obey all laws governing their work, unless in exceptional circumstances, compliance is inconsistent with the public interest (6.06) and avoid associations with businesses and organizations which are in conflict with this code (6.10). Based on this principle alone, Phorm has made many breaches of professional ethics. Monitoring software such as the one developed by Phorm goes against this professional responsibility code. In fact, this action goes against the interest of customers since it monitors their online activities without their knowledge. Similarly, such an action is inconsistent with public interest as it is morally, ethically and legally wrong for companies to do surveillance on the public without their knowledge (Flaherty, 1989). Phorm should know better than to conduct business that is in conflict with a professional code of conduct. Even though its software developers may not be members of this specific professional organization, they are sure to be members of other organizations which would have similar guidelines. Phorms actions also conflict with principle one of this code which concerns the public. It states that software engineers should act consistently with the public interest. According to paragraph 1.03, software developers should approve software only if they have a well-founded belief that it is safe, meets specifications, passes appropriate tests and does not diminish the quality of life, diminish privacy or harm the environment. Phorms monitoring software diminishes individual privacy. According to Warren and Brandies (1890), privacy can be defined as a right to be left alone. It is widely regarded that privacy is a basic human right. Phorms case is a good illustration of the problems concerning internet privacy. This is because while most agree that internet privacy must be protected, there is debate on the extent it should be protected. Should privacy protection be accorded to email usage or to websites visited as well? Privacy protection is a vital part of democracy but many countries in the world, most noticeably China, are not democracies and therefore have no qualms about seriously undermining internet privacy. Nevertheless, such arguments are mainly about the rights of governments to monitor the activities of citizens for the greater good, for instance protection against terrorism. However, in terms of corporate surveillance, laws and professional codes explicitly prohibit it. 2.3 Suitability of an established code of computer ethics or an ethical decision making model There are many professional codes of ethics such as the one mentioned in the previous section that helps professionals make ethical decisions. The problem is that they are general and not company specific. Also, some employees in a corporation are not members of a professional organization and therefore do not feel obliged to follow the guidelines stipulated by these organizations. For example, software developers may be against developing monitoring software, but if the CEO compels them to do so, they have little choice but to follow orders or leave the organization. To overcome this problem, each corporation should have its own code of ethics and ethical decision making model to make the right choice. A decision making model must be designed to enhance ethical reasoning by providing insights into the identification and analysis of key issues to be considered and questions or challenges to be raised and approaches to combining and applying decision relevant factors into practical action (Brook and Dunn, 2010). A decision or action is considered ethical or right if it conforms to certain standards. One standard alone is insufficient to ensure an ethical decision. Consequently, an ethical decision making framework should be designed so that decisions or actions are compared against four standards for a comprehensive assessment of ethical behaviour. The ethical decision making model assesses the ethicality of a decision or action by examining the consequences or well-offness created in terms of net benefits or costs, rights and duties affected, fairness involved and motivation or virtues expected (Paine, 1994). The first three of these considerations consequentialism, deontology and justice are examined by focusing on the impacts of a decision on shareholders and other affected stakeholders, an approach known as stakeholder impact analysis (Caroll, 1991). The fourth consideration, the motivation of the decision maker is known as virtue ethics (Pastin, 1986). It provides insights likely to be helpful when assessing current and future governance problems as part of a normal risk management exercise. All four considerations must be examined thoroughly and appropriate ethical values must be applied in the decision and its implementation if a decision or action is to be defensible ethically. There are three steps for making an ethical decision (Velasquez, 1992). Step one is identifying the facts and all stakeholder groups and interests likely to be affected. Step two is to rank the stakeholders and their interest, identifying the most important and weighing them more than other issues in the analysis. The final step is to assess the impact of the proposed action on each stakeholder group interests with regard to their well-being, fairness of treatment and other rights, including virtue expectations, using a comprehensive framework of questions and making sure that the common pitfalls do not enter into the analysis. These pitfalls include conforming to an unethical corporate culture, misinterpreting public expectations and focusing on short term profits and shareholder only impacts (Paine, 1994). It may be helpful to organize an ethical decision analysis using the seven steps outlined by the American Accounting Association (1993) (Cited in Brooke and Dunn, 2010). One, determine the facts such as what, who, when, where and how. Two, define the ethical issues. Three, identify major principles, rules and values. Four, specify the alternatives. Five, compare values and alternatives and see if a clear decision emerges. Six, asses the consequences and finally make the decision. 2.4 Conclusion The development and implementation of involuntary electronic monitoring, such as done by Phorm conflicts with software developers professional responsibilities. This is because no professional association of software developers would ever sanction the creation of software that violates the privacy of users and goes against the best interest of society. To overcome such a situation, each IT organization must have its own corporate code of ethics. This should compliment the professional code of ethics of software developers and serve to ensure the highest ethical standards. Yet it is not enough for a company to create a good ethics policy. Implementation is the hard part and high ethical conduct must flow from top to bottom and there must be zero tolerance for breach of professional ethics. It is only by instituting such strict policies that activities like monitoring users internet usage can be curbed.